“共同体”与“社会”:对杜威《民主主义与教育》中“Community”的探析  

“Community”and“Society”:An Analysis of“Community”in Dewey’s Democracy and Education

作　　者：吴向辉[1] 涂诗万[1] 赵国祥 WU Xiang-hui;TU Shi-wan;ZHAO Guo-xiang(Faculty of Education,Henan Normal University,Henan Xinxiang 453007,China)

机构地区：[1]河南师范大学教育学部,河南新乡453007

出　　处：《教育学报》2022年第5期31-43,共13页Journal of Educational Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金2019年度教育学一般课题“杜威教育思想批评史,1896-2019年”(课题批准号:BOA190042)的部分研究成果;河南省高校哲学社会科学创新团队支持计划(项目编号:2017-CXTD-4)研究成果

摘　　要：“共同体”(community)和“社会”(society)在西方思想史和杜威的思想中都有重要区别,虽然少数时候可将“community”翻译为“社会”,但在大多数时候,杜威赋予了“community”独特内涵,而且这种内涵是其民主主义教育思想的核心要素之一。从语源学视角考察后可知,“共同体”是一个真实鲜活、亲密包容、合作共享的有机体,而“社会”则是一个松散分离、机械冰冷、优劣不齐的无机体。在杜威的词汇中,“社会”是一个中性词,而“共同体”则与“民主”是一个意思。在杜威看来,民主是“自由而全面交流、交往、参与、合作和共享”的共同体生活本身,他的社会改革理想是将“大社会”(great society)建设成“大共同体”(great community)。此理想体现在杜威的所有教育著作中。在王承绪翻译的杜威《民主主义与教育》中,原文52个“community”被翻译为“共同体”的计14处,被翻译为“社会”的计38处。按我们的分析,38处“社会”中的21处应改译为“共同体”。杜威之所以如此重视“共同体”,是因为受到了新英格兰地区的民主环境、密歇根大学民主开放的工作氛围和简·亚当斯“作为生活方式的民主”思想等因素的影响。这些使得杜威成长为参与性民主的最重要的拥护者。从教育角度看,杜威认为教育是经验连续不断的改造与改组,而在自由全面交流、交往、参与、合作和共享的民主共同体生活中,经验最容易实现持续的改造和生长。“Community”and“society”have important differences in the history of Western thought and Dewey’s thought,although in a few cases“community”can be translated into“society”,but in most cases,Dewey gave“community”unique connotation,and this connotation is one of the core elements of his democratic educational thought.From the perspective of etymology,it can be seen that“community”is a real living,intimate and inclusive,cooperative and shared organism,while“society”is a loose,separated,mechanical and cold inorganic body.In Dewey’s vocabulary,“society”is a neutral word,while“community”means“democracy”.In Dewey’s view,democracy is the community life of“free and full intercommunication”,and his ideal of social reform is to build“great society”into a“great community”.This ideal is reflected in all Dewey’s educational writings.In Mr.Wang Chengxu’s translation of Dewey’s Democracy and Education.The 52“community”or“communities”in the original text,of which 14“community”were translated into Chinese as“gong tong ti”,38“community”were translated into Chinese as“she hui”.According to our analysis,21 of the 38“she hui”should be translated into“gong tong ti”.Dewey’s emphasis on“community”was influenced by the democratic environment in New England,the open and democratic working environment at the University of Michigan,and Jane Adams’idea of“democracy as a way of life”.These have made Dewey the most important champion of participatory democracy.From an educational point of view,Dewey believes that education is a continuous transformation and reorganization of experience,and in the life of a free and full exchange and participation in the democratic community,experience is the easiest to achieve sustained transformation and growth.

关 键 词：杜威 社会 共同体 民主 民主主义教育 

分 类 号：G40-09[文化科学—教育学原理]