职业教育与个人的社会地位获得——基于年龄与世代效应的分析  

Vocational Education and Individuals’Acquisition of Social Status——Based on an Analysis of Age and Cohort Effects

作　　者：刘云波[1] 张叶 杨钋[2] Liu Yunbo;Zhang Ye;Yang Po(the Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875;the Graduate School of Education,Peking University,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875 [2]北京大学教育学院,北京100871

出　　处：《教育研究》2023年第1期128-143,共16页Educational Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金2021年度青年项目“增值评价视角下的职业学校投入要素与学生非认知技能发展的关系研究”(编号:72104030)的研究成果。

摘　　要：职业教育对个人社会地位获得的影响直接关系到职业教育的吸引力,与当下普职分流所引发的教育焦虑紧密相关。基于2003—2017年中国综合社会调查数据和年龄—时期—世代模型研究职业教育社会地位获得的年龄效应和世代效应发现,中等职业教育人群的职业声望显著高于普通高中教育人群,而高等职业教育人群的职业声望显著低于普通本科教育人群。中等职业教育对社会地位的影响存在年龄和世代效应。随着年龄的增加,中职人群和普通高中人群的职业声望差距逐步拉大;随着世代的更替,中职人群和普通高中人群的职业声望差距逐渐缩小。对社会地位等级自评的分析发现,中职人群低估了其获得的实际社会地位,存在认知偏差。职业教育的社会地位获得既受微观个体生命历程的影响,也深刻地烙上宏观社会变迁的印记。提高职业教育对个人社会地位获得的影响效应是提升职业教育吸引力的必由之路。为此,应关注职业教育毕业生的职业生涯发展和终身成长,给予技能人才公平待遇,落实职业教育的类型属性,营造崇尚技能的社会文化。The impact of vocational education on individuals’acquisition of social status is directly related to the attraction of vocational education,which is closely connected with the educational anxiety caused by the current divergence of academic senior high school education from secondary vocational education.This study,based on the data from the Chinese General Social Survey between 2003 and 2017,estimates the age and cohort effects of vocational education on individuals’acquisition of social status through the Age-Period-Cohort Models.The findings are as follows:Those who had received secondary vocational education enjoyed a significantly higher occupational reputation than those who had received academic senior high school education,while those who had received higher vocational education enjoyed a significantly lower occupational reputation than those who had received undergraduate education;there were age and cohort effects in the impact of secondary vocational education on individuals’social status;with the increase of age,the gap of occupational reputations gradually widened between the graduates from secondary vocational schools and those from academic senior high schools;with the passage of the times,the gap tended to be narrowed;and an analysis of the self-assessment of social status grades revealed that the graduates from secondary vocational schools underestimated their actual social status,and had a cognitive bias.Vocational school graduates’acquisition of social status is influenced by both their micro life course and the macro social changes.Enhancing the effect of vocational education on individuals’acquisition of social status is a prerequisite for the enhancement of the attraction of vocational education.To this end,we need to pay attention to the career development and lifelong growth of vocational school graduates,provide fair welfare and benefits for skilled talents,conduct vocation education according to its types,and create a social culture advocating skills.

关 键 词：职业教育 社会地位 职业声望 人力资本 

分 类 号：G719.2[文化科学—职业技术教育学] C912.6[文化科学—教育学] C912.1[经济管理]