德国高校入学资格类型分化及获取路径探析  

Differentiation in Higher Education Entrance Qualifications and the Relevant Educational Pathways in Germany

作　　者：唐慧[1,2] TANG Hui(College of Vocational and Technical Education,Tongji University,Shanghai 201804;Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences,University of Bamberg,Free State of Bavaria,Germany 96052)

机构地区：[1]同济大学职业技术教育学院,上海201804 [2]班贝格大学社会与经济科学学院,德国巴伐利亚州196052

出　　处：《比较教育研究》2023年第3期79-91,共13页International and Comparative Education

基　　金：2020年度教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“职业教育专业建设与产业发展的谱系图研究”(项目编号:20JZD055)。

摘　　要：随着教育扩张,中等、高等学校差异化以及学生来源多元化,德国高校入学资格类型发生分化,其获取路径不再由文理中学和普通高中毕业考试垄断,变得丰富多样。针对不同的高校类型、中学类型、教育形式以及结合不同的职业教育元素,德国高校入学资格演变出普通的高校入学资格、有专业限制的高校入学资格、应用科学大学入学资格和有专业限制的应用科学大学资格四种形式。德国高校入学资格的获取路径趋于稳定和完备,既有维系文理中学主体地位的“皇家之路”,也有针对成人补取学校性质资格的第二条教育路径,还有在教育政策日程上日益重要的面向职业(教育)人士开放高校的第三条教育路径。德国高校入学资格及其获取路径在多样性和稳定性之间实现了制度化,体现了教育体系中逐渐增加的规制性、职业性和融通性。In Germany, the Gymnasium(a type of school with both lower and upper secondary education)and the Abitur examination have monopolized access to higher education for a long time. With the expansion of education, the differentiation of universities and upper middle schools, and the diversification of students’ backgrounds, the higher education entrance qualificationand the relevant educational pathway to higher education are no longer tied to the Gymnasium, which become diversified. Aimed at different types of universities, upper middle schools and various elements of vocational education and training, the general, subject-specific entrance qualification for universities and the general, subject-specific entrance qualification for universities of applied sciences have developed. The establishment of these higher education entrance qualifications make the educational pathways stable and complete. They include not only the "royal road", which maintains the dominant position of the Gymnasium, but also the second pathway, which allows adults to supplement their school qualifications, and the third pathway, which provides access to higher education for the workforce and students in vocational education and training, that becomes increasingly important. In summary, the higher education entrance qualifications and the relevant educational pathways in Germany have been institutionalized between diversity and stability, showing better regulation, professionalization and integration in the education system.

关 键 词：高校入学资格 职业教育 学术教育 高中毕业考试 

分 类 号：G649.3[文化科学—高等教育学] G649.7[文化科学—教育学] G649.516