义务教育资源配置如何适应城乡学龄人口变动--基于第七次全国人口普查数据的测算  

How Compulsory Education Resource Allocation Adapts to the Changes in Urban-Rural School-Age Population:Estimations Based on the 7th National Population Census Data

作　　者：梁文艳[1] 孙雨婷 Liang Wenyan;Sun Yuting(the Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875

出　　处：《教育研究》2023年第4期106-121,共16页Educational Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金2019年度教育学重大项目“教育适应中国人口结构发展趋势研究”(编号:VGA190003)的研究成果。

摘　　要：准确把握学龄人口的变动状况,是合理配置教育资源的重要前提。物力、人力和财力作为义务教育资源需求的重要组成部分,可以通过基于第七次人口普查数据对义务教育学位需求规模和城乡分布的测算结果进行深入研究。研究结果显示,在城区和镇区,小学和初中的学位需求量将很快迎来峰值,此后快速回落;在乡村,学位需求量会持续缩减。因应学位需求量的变动,除了城镇初中会在短期面临承载能力不足的扩容压力外,义务教育学校的需求量总体会持续缩减。乡村地区尤其亟待解决校舍闲置与物力资源再利用问题。教师资源配置将面临不足和过剩反复交替,以及音体美学科教师的结构性缺编等挑战。在学龄人口峰值达到前,公共财政保障教育办学经费需求的压力会持续存在。为适应人口变动和高质量教育发展的需求,政府需要在充足、公平和效率的目标导向下,提前规划和布局教育资源配置,为实现教育现代化提供保障。An accurate grasp of the changes in the school-age population is a crucial prerequisite for the rational allocation of compulsory education resources.Material,human and financial resources are important parts of the needed resources for compulsory education,and we can make an in-depth study of them according to the estimates of the size and rural-urban distribution of the school-aged population during the compulsory education phase based on the 7th National Population Census data.The research shows the results as follows:In cities and towns,the demanded number of students to be allowed in primary and lower secondary schools will reach a peak quickly,but drop off rapidly after the peak;in rural areas,the demanded number will continue to shrink;in response to the changes in the demanded number of students,lower secondary schools will face a short-term pressure to increase the demanded number of students,but the overall demand for students to receive compulsory education will continue to shrink;in particular,rural areas urgently need to solve such problems as the use of empty school buildings and the reuse of material resources;the allocation of teacher resources will face alternating shortage and surplus,as well as a structural shortage of music,sports and art teachers;and the pressure on public finance to meet the needs for school funds will continue until the peak of the school-age population.In response to the changing school-age population and the need for high-quality educational development,the government needs to plan and lay out the allocation of educational resources in advance based on the orientation towards adequacy,equity and efficiency so as to ensure the achievement of educational modernization.

关 键 词：第七次全国人口普查 学龄人口 义务教育 资源配置 高质量发展 

分 类 号：G522.3[文化科学—教育学]