晚期康德的良知理论——基于《判断力批判》的一种考察  

Late Kant’s Theory of Conscience——An Investigation Based on Critique of the Power of Judgment

作　　者：陈永庆 Chen Yongqing

机构地区：[1]河南师范大学政治与公共管理学院

出　　处：《德国哲学》2022年第2期64-81,316,共19页Chinese Journal of German Philosophy

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“康德晚期实践哲学研究”(项目编号:21FZXB051);河南省哲学社会科学规划项目“自然向自由的过渡——康德晚期实践哲学研究”(项目编号:2021BZX008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：基于对“经验的可能性条件”这一先验哲学之基本问题的再思考,康德在《判断力批判》中揭示了判断力的深层反思活动及其先天原理,并由此表明了一般知识与经验的可能性离不开一些纯然主观的条件。对道德判断来说,良知就是实践的反思判断力,康德由此才能在晚期伦理学思考中将良知作为一个主观条件引入道德判断之中,并在更加原始的层面上揭示了良知作为一个具有法权效力的主观判断,与一个最高的道德存在者之理念有着内在的、必然的关联。只有在《判断力批判》的背景之下,康德关于良知的种种看似矛盾的论述才能得到恰当的理解,康德晚期伦理学也由此呈现出一个新的面向,即试图将那些更具个体性与主观性,但却并非纯然经验性的因素纳入道德判断之中。Based on the question of the possible conditions of experience,which is fundamental for transcendental philosophy,Kant disclosed the deeper reflective activities of the power of judgment and its principal a priori in Critique of the power of Judgement,which indicated that general knowledge and experience cannot do without some merely subjective conditions.For moral judgements,conscience is practically reflective power of judgment,then Kant could bring conscience as one subjective condition to moral judgements and disclose the internal and necessary correlation between conscience(as one subjective judgement which had universal legal effect)and the idea of the highest moral being at a more primitive level.Only in the context of Critique of the power of Judgement,Kant’s discussions about conscience which seem inconsistent could get an appropriate understanding,his late ethics thus demonstrated a new dimension,namely trying to bring those elements which are more subjective and individual but not merely empirical to moral judgements.

关 键 词：良知 主观判断 内在法庭 道德判断力 反思判 断力 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学] B82-0