卢梭人性论的四个维度  

The Four Dimensions of Rousseau's Theory of Human Nature

作　　者：赵敦华[1] Zhao Dunhua(Institute of Foreign Philosophy,Peking University,Bejing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学外国哲学研究所,北京100871

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第4期5-14,共10页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：围绕卢梭人性论“自爱”与“自尊”这两个核心概念,分析两者关系的历史、心理、政治和自然等四个维度,对卢梭的哲学思想做了比较全面的概括。《论人类不平等的起源》首先对“自爱”和“自尊”做了明确区分,把人类自然状态到文明状态“堕落”的原因归结为从“自爱”到“自尊”的变化;《爱弥儿》按照“自爱”到“自尊”的心理规律阐述了培养公民以良心为基础的道德政治意识;《社会契约论》把公民良心的“公意”作为国家的立法者,但又按照“公意”与“众意”的比例关系设计国家制度,蕴含着法国现存制度不可避免沦为暴政的结论。卢梭的“自爱”和良心不是理论,而是自我体验的情感,他在《忏悔录》等自传和《新爱洛伊丝》的小说中联系一生经历,表明了自己向往神圣大自然之美的心迹。Around the two core concepts of"self-love"(amour de soi)and"self-esteem"(estime de soi)in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's(卢梭)theory of human nature,this article analyzes the historical,psychological,political,and natural dimensions of the two concepts to provide a comparatively comprehensive summary of Rousseau's philosophical thinking.In his On the Origin of Human Inequality(《论人类不平等的起源》),Rousseau first made a clear distinction between"self-love"and"self-esteem"and attributed the human"degeneration"from the state of nature to the state of civilization to the change from"self-love"to"self-esteem".His Emil(《爱弥儿》)elaborates the conscience-based moral and political consciousness for the cultivation of citizens,following the psychological laws of"self-love"and"self-esteem".His Social Contract(《社会契约论》)regards the"general will"(公意)of citizens'conscience as the legislator of the state,but designs the political system according to the proportional relationship between the"general will"and the"will of all"(众意),which implies the conclusion that the political system in France at his time wound inevitably become a tyranny.Rousseau's"self-love"and conscience are not theories,but sentiments from his life experience.In his autobiographies like The Confession(《忏悔录》)and in his novel The New Heloise(《新爱洛伊丝》),he expresses his longing for the beauty of the sacred Nature.

关 键 词：卢梭 人性论 自爱 自尊 

分 类 号：B565.26[哲学宗教—外国哲学]