张载“性二元论”的思想渊源及其当代启示  

The Origin of Zhang Zai's Idea on the“Dualism of Human Nature”and Its Contemporary Significance

作　　者：吴喜双 张培高 WU Xishuang;ZHANG Peigao

机构地区：[1]闽江学院法学院 [2]四川大学哲学系

出　　处：《西南交通大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期113-127,共15页Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“创造性转化与创新性发展视野下的中华生命智慧研究”(22ZDA082)。

摘　　要：张载提出“性二元论”是儒家人性论史上的重要里程碑事件。学界对该论的思想来源争议较大,有道教说和佛教说的分歧。实际上,张载“性二元论”受到了禅宗大师圭峰宗密对立思维形式的影响,与道教并无关系。宗密认为人在身心结合之前,“真心”是“清净不染”的,然一旦“禀气受质”后,此“心”就受染了,从而遮蔽了本有的“清净”,这是一种先天与后天、本然与非本然之对立统一的思维形式。张载在此基础上对孟子性善论、王充与孔颖达“气稟”论、胡瑗的“天地之性”和传统“气质”观等思想进行综合创新,最终提出了“性二元论”。道教徒“天地之性”“气质之性”的说法恰是受张载的影响,而不是相反。Zhang Zai's proposal of“dualism of human nature”is an important milestone in the history of Confucian theory of human nature.The origin of this theory is controversial,with different opinion about whether it originated from Taoism or Buddhism.In fact,Zhang Zai's idea was influenced by the opposing thinking forms of the Zen master Guifeng-Zongmi,and had nothing to do with Taoism.Zongmi suggested that before uniting the mind and the body,one's genuine mind is pure and immaculate;but once possessing Qi and Zhi,the mind is maculated and the original clarity and purity is obscured.This argument reveals a thinking in which nature and nurture are considered not just opposing but compatible.Influenced by this thinking,Zhang Zai synthesized Mencius'theory of original goodness of human nature,Wang Chong and Kong Yingda's discourse on human nature in terms of Qi,and Hu Yuan's notion of the nature of Heaven and Earth,and the traditional notion of Qi and Zhi;and he further advanced the idea of dualism of human nature.According to this account,I argue that Taoists'adoption of the expressions of“nature of Heaven and Earth”and“nature of Qi and Zhi”does come from Zhang Zai,not the other way around.

关 键 词：儒家人性论 性二元论 天地之性 气质之性 宗密 张伯端 张载 胡瑗 

分 类 号：B244.4[哲学宗教—中国哲学]