屋燕与洞燕成分对比及关键差异组分分析  

Comparative Analysis of Ingredients and Key Differential Components between House Edible Bird's Nest and Cave Edible Bird's Nest

作　　者：邱爽 张新科[3] 王东亮 QIU Shuang;ZHANG Xinke;WANG Dongliang(Beijing Xiaoxiandun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100020,China;Hebei Edible Bird's Nest Fresh Stew Technology Innovation Center,Langfang 065700,China;School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Shandong University,Jinan 250012,China)

机构地区：[1]北京小仙炖生物科技有限公司,北京100020 [2]河北省燕窝鲜炖技术创新中心,河北廊坊065700 [3]山东大学药学院,山东济南250012

出　　处：《食品工业科技》2023年第21期327-336,共10页Science and Technology of Food Industry

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(82273835)。

摘　　要：屋燕和洞燕是燕窝(Edible bird's nest,EBN)的两种主要类型,但造成二者差异的关键组分尚不清晰。为了探究二者差异,实现对屋燕和洞燕样品的有效区分,本研究对四种屋燕和洞燕中的蛋白质、氨基酸、唾液酸和矿物质元素等营养成分以及亚硝酸盐和重金属元素等危害因子进行测定,并利用热图和偏最小二乘回归分析(Partial least squares regression,PLSR)进行聚类分析及关键差异组分的筛选。结果表明,蛋白质和唾液酸是燕窝中最重要的营养成分,分别占燕窝总量的63.09%~67.79%和7.22%~10.41%。亮氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和苯丙氨酸是燕窝中主要的必需氨基酸,丝氨酸、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸是主要的非必需氨基酸,且燕窝中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例(45.76%~47.60%)高于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)推荐的优质蛋白40%的标准。屋燕中蛋白质(66.70~67.79 g/100 g>63.09~66.28 g/100 g)和唾液酸(10.41 g/100 g>7.22~7.88 g/100 g)的含量均高于洞燕,而洞燕的氨基酸和矿物质元素含量显著高于屋燕(P<0.05)。另一方面,PLSR分析可以很好地将屋燕与洞燕区分开,且Se、Fe、I、Mn、Cu等微量元素是造成屋燕与洞燕差异的关键组分。洞燕在基础营养物质的含量上占据优势,且微量元素的检测可作为燕窝种类的区分依据。House edible bird's nest and cave edible bird's nest are two main types of EBN.However,the key differential components,which can cause the differences of these EBN are not clear.In order to explore the differences between house EBN and cave EBN and effectively discriminate between different EBN samples,protein,amino acid,sialic acid,mineral elements and other nutritional components,as well as the hazard factors such as nitrite and heavy metal elements in four kinds of house EBN and cave EBN were determined,respectively.Moreover,cluster analysis and key differential components screening were carried out using heatmap and partial least squares regression(PLSR),respectively.The results showed that protein and sialic acid were the most important nutritional components,accounting for 63.09%~67.79%and 7.22%~10.41%in the total EBN,respectively.Leucine,valine,threonine and phenylalanine were the main essential amino acids in EBN,while serine,aspartic acid and proline were the main non-essential amino acids.In addition,the proportion of essential amino acids in total amino acids(45.76%~47.60%)was higher than 40%of the standard according to the high-quality protein recommendation from FAO/WHO.The contents of protein(66.70~67.79 g/100 g>63.09~66.28 g/100 g)and sialic acid(10.41 g/100 g<7.22~7.88 g/100 g)in house EBN were higher than those in cave EBN.The contents of amino acids and mineral elements in cave EBN were significantly higher than those in house EBN(P<0.05).On the other hand,house EBN and cave EBN could be well distinguished by PLSR analysis.Trace elements,such as Se,Fe,I,Mn,Cu,not only were the key differential components between the two EBN,but could be used as the basis to discriminate the origin of EBN species.Cave EBN has an advantage in the content of basic nutrients,and the detection of trace elements can serve as a basis for distinguishing different EBN samples.

关 键 词：屋燕与洞燕 氨基酸 矿物质元素 危害因子 偏最小二乘回归分析 

分 类 号：TS207.3[轻工技术与工程—食品科学]