自由与善——基于柏拉图相关文本的分析  

Freedom and Good:An Analysis of Some Related Texts from Plato

作　　者：谢文郁[1] Xie Wenyu

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒家文明省部共建协同创新中心,济南250100

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（外国哲学）》2023年第10期3-14,共12页FOREIGN PHILOSOPHY

摘　　要：自由是一个生存问题。人们在日常生活中常常能够感受到“为所欲为”的生存状态,并使用“自由”一词来指称这种生存状态。不过,柏拉图在分析这种生存状态时,发现,“为所欲为”包含了什么“欲”的问题。有些“欲”会损害人的生存,比如人在纵欲时的那些“欲”。在这种情况下,“为所欲为”并不能带来人想要的自由。但是,什么才是有益的“欲”呢?柏拉图因此提出“真正的善”这个概念,认为只有从真正的善出发才能享受真正的为所欲为,即真正的自由。然而,人在生存中指向善,却由于观念上的善恶混淆而在现实生活经常以恶为善而做恶的事。为了处理生存的善和观念中的善这两种“善”之间的关系,柏拉图陷入了恶的困境。分析柏拉图的相关文本,我们发现,柏拉图关于真正的善的论证和界定,只能归结于恶的困境。尽管柏拉图关于自由概念的新理解无法自圆其说,但是,他的论证展示了一个新领域,那就是选择自由和意志自由问题,进而引导着思想史进入这个新领域。Freedom is an issue of existence to human beings.In everyday life,people may often be conscious of a state of being in which they can act willfully(为所欲为).And they use the term"freedom"to refer to this state.Plato was the first philosopher to analyze this state of being,and endeavore to present a free state of human existence.But Plato's analysis focused on"will"("岔欲").As Plato points out,"will"sometimes may do harm to human existence,for instance,when they indulge in sensual pleasure.Under such circumstances,they cannot enjoy the freedom they claim when they act willfully.If so,there may arise such an issue:what is a real good"will"?Thus,Plato introduced the concept of"real good"("真正的善"),advising people to pursue the"real good",and holding that only when they act from the"real good",can they really act willfully and enjoy the real freedom in Platonic sense.However,Plato soon encountered the controversy between good and evil.He found out that there are two kinds of"good".One is the good in existence,while the other is only a conception.To handle the relationship between the existential"good"and the conceptual"good",Plato got a dilemma of"evil".In their existence,people tend to be good,but they may mistake evil for good and do evil in real life due to their confusion of conceptual good and evil.When the conceptual good meets with the good in existence,it is called knowledge;when not,it is called ignorance.Consequently,those notions of good unfitting with the existential good turns out to be evil.As we cannot avoid the confusion of good and evil in conception and in existence,the crucial issue now is presented as how to choose rightly between good and evil.Through the analysis of Plato's related texts,we find out that Plato's argumentation and definition of the"real good"can only be attributed to the dilemma of evil.Though the new interpretation of Plato's concept of freedom could not justify itself,his argumentation unfolded a new domain with the freedom of selection and the freedom of will,furt

关 键 词：自由 柏拉图 真正的善 真理 恶的困境 

分 类 号：B502.232[哲学宗教—外国哲学]