亚里士多德的辩证法与形而上学  

Aristotle's Dialectic and Metaphysics

作　　者：陈治国[1] 孙亚杰 Chen Zhiguo;Sun Yajie

机构地区：[1]山东大学哲学与社会发展学院 [2]山东大学马克思主义学院博士后流动站,济南250100

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（外国哲学）》2023年第10期15-27,共13页FOREIGN PHILOSOPHY

基　　金：山东大学研究生教育优质课程建设“古希腊哲学”(项目批准号:0010200);中国博士后科学基金第71批面上项目(项目批准号:11120072310060)的资助成果。

摘　　要：在亚里士多德哲学中,伴随着基本的科学观念的调整和拓展,以及对于跨种性的第一原理和最高原因之知识地位的重新认识,关于一般存在及其属性和相关公理的探究由《工具论》中具体科学之外的辅助性学科上升为《形而上学》中的普遍科学。作为普遍科学的形而上学,它的主导性探究方法不是适用于具体科学的证明方法,而是《工具论》中方法论意义上的辩证法。这种辩证法既体现于《形而上学》第四卷不矛盾律的论证方面,也典型地运用于核心卷次之一即第七卷关于实体问题的探究过程。通过辩证性探究所揭示的形而上学各种第一原理是相互支撑的,但并不存在那种由高到低的严格层级秩序;它们的确定性也不同于具体科学那种证明性推理的确定性,而是在于通过少数几个最一般的原理,就可以为所有的存在物从根本上提供一种普遍的可理解性。另外,亚里士多德关于形而上学第一原理的探究所蕴含的知识论立场,乃是一种“可优化论”(optimizabilism)或“可完善论”(perfectibilism),而非其他。In Aristotelian philosophy,along with the adjustment of basic notion of science and his rethinking on the epistemic status of interdisciplinary first principles and the highest causes,the inquiry about being in general,relevant attributes and axioms rises into a kind of universal science in Metaphysics from out of an inferior discipline only auxiliary to all specific sciences in Organon.As universal science,dominant inquiring method of metaphysics is not demonstration applicable to specific sciences,but dialectic in the sense of methodology in Organon.This kind of dialectic is not only embodied in the argumentation of the principle of non-contradiction in Metaphysics IV,but also typically applied to the exploration of the question of ousia in Metaphysics VIl.The first principles of metaphysics discovered through dialectical inquiry support each other,but there is no strict hierarchical order from high to low among them.And their certainty is different from one of demonstrative reasoning in specific sciences,but lies in the fact that,justly by means of a few principles,a kind of universal intlligibility could be fundamentally provided for all beings.Moreover,the epistemological position implied by Aristotelian dialectical inquiry into first principles of metaphysics should be identified as optimizabilism or perfectibilism,not the other way around.

关 键 词：亚里士多德 辩证法 普遍科学 形而上学 第一原理 

分 类 号：B502.233[哲学宗教—外国哲学]