“良知”的“呈现”与“坎陷”——牟宗三“良知坎陷说”与王阳明“良知本体”的困境及疏解  

The‘Presentation’and‘Negation’of Liangzhi:The Problems with Mou Zongsan’s‘Doctrine of the Negation of Liangzhi’and Wang Yangming’s‘Liangzhi as Original Substance’and How to Resolve Them

作　　者：任健 聂科记 Jason T.Clower(译) Ren Jian;Nie Keji(the Research Institute for Yangming Studies and Qian Studies at Guiyang University;the Guiyang Confucius Academy)

机构地区：[1]贵阳学院阳明学与黔学研究院,贵州贵阳550005 [2]贵阳孔学堂 [3]comparative religion at California State University, Chico

出　　处：《孔学堂》2023年第2期78-90,I0086-I0095,共23页Confucian Academy

基　　金：2017年度国家社科基金西部项目“心学社会治理思想研究”(项目批准号:17XZX009)阶段性成果;贵阳市科学技术局—贵阳学院科技专项项目(项目批准号:GYU-KY-﹝2022﹞)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：牟宗三早年提出的“良知坎陷说”,主要受其师熊十力的“良知是呈现”影响,但“客观的悲情”的引发也是其形成的关键。“良知坎陷说”真正的理论困境并非“良知”不能“坎陷”,而是选择以阳明“致良知”为嫁接点导致的对“工夫论”的忽视并由此引发的“发生学”问题以及“良知本体”无法创生具体客观存在物的问题。而张载之“两层结构的宇宙论”正好可以从根本上对治阳明“物”的合法性问题,“物”的产生由此有了终极根源,人的道德意识也有了形上根据。因此,从阳明回到张载,可解决“物”创生的合法性问题,也可借此思路再反思牟宗三早年的“良知坎陷说”并为其寻找一新的理论突破口,进而重新思考中国文化体系如何“开出”和安顿“科学知识”的问题。Mou Zongsan’s early doctrine of the“negation of liangzhi”was developed mostly from his teacher Xiong Shili’s idea that“liangzhi is a presentation,”though“objective sorrow”was also a critical factor.The real theoretical difficulty in Mou’s theory of the“negation of liangzhi”is not that liangzhi cannot negate itself but rather the neglect of theories of effort caused by Mou’s choice to link his doctrine to Wang Yangming’s idea of extending liangzhi,as well as other resulting intellectual difficulties,especially the problem that liangzhi as original substance cannot create particular,objective existents.In contrast,Zhang Zai’s two-tiered cosmology is perfectly placed to fundamentally solve the problem of the legitimacy of“things”as conceived by Wang Yangming.This provides an ultimate source for the arising of things,as well as a metaphysical basis for human moral awareness.As a result,a return from Wang Yangming to Zhang Zai can solve the problem of the legitimacy of“things.”It can also provide a reflection on Mou Zongsan’s early doctrine of the“negation of liangzhi,”supply for it a new point of theoretical breakthrough,and furthermore aid a new appraisal of how the Chinese cultural system can yield and accommodate scientic knowledge.

关 键 词：良知坎陷 良知 太虚 牟宗三 王阳明 

分 类 号：B261[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B248.2