义务教育入学机会如何分配更加公平——基于三类模型数据模拟的空间分析  

How to Distribute the Compulsory Education Enrollment Opportunities More Fairly—Spatial Analysis Based on Data Simulation from Three Types of Models

作　　者：赵冉 关嘉琦 戴特奇 ZHAO Ran;GUAN Jiaqi;DAI Teqi(Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875 [2]北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京100875

出　　处：《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》2024年第1期73-83,F0003,共12页Journal of Educational Science of Hunan Normal University

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金项目“非首都功能疏解背景下北京义务教育学龄人口预测与教育资源需求研究”[20JCC115];国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“教育在我国经济增长中的贡献及其作用机制研究”[21FYB073]。

摘　　要：保障入学机会的起点公平是实现义务教育优质均衡发展的前提,但目前以公平为导向的入学机会空间分配优化研究十分有限。针对不同入学方式,研究团队以各小区义务教育适龄学生上学距离的最小值、各小区教育质量期望值的方差和概率分布相似程度最大化定义入学指标空间分配的公平程度,构建“就近入学”“多校划片”和“概率—相似”模型,运用GIS技术寻求在现有条件下最优的学位分配方式,并在北京市海淀区进行应用研究。结果表明,在现有教育资源配置条件下,“多校划片”情境下教育质量方差降低了99.38%,在控制上学距离的负面影响下显著降低教育机会分配的空间差异;放松最大上学距离的约束可以显著提升教育机会的空间公平。因此,推进义务教育资源的空间优化配置,教育管理部门需周期化调整多校划片政策,增强入学机会分配的随机性,在不超过6 km的基础上适当增加学生入学距离,通过统筹教师编制与流动、加强图书馆建设和优化完善义务教育经费保障机制等方式“均衡”各学校教育质量,在不同距离层级设定不同的入学概率,以此推动义务教育优质均衡发展。Guaranteeing a fair starting point for enrollment opportunities is the premise for a high-quality and balanced compulsory education.However,previous literature has seen a deficiency of equity-oriented optimization research on the spatial assignment of enrollment opportunities.Regarding different enrollment methods,this study defines the fairness of the spatial assignment of enrollment opportunities by the minimum school-home distance for school-age students in compulsory education of each community,the variance of the expected value of education quality of each community,and the maximum of probability distribution similarity.Where by we construct the models of“nearby enrollment”,“multi-school dicing”and“probability-similarity”,we seek the optimal enrollment assignment of school-to-community under the existing school construction conditions through GIS technology,and conduct applied Haidian District,Beijing.The results show that compared with“nearby enrollment”,education quality variance under the situation of“multi-school dicing”is reduced by 99.38%under the existing allocation of educational resources,significantly narrowing the spatial gap of educational opportunity assignment while controlling the negative impact of school distance;loosening the constraints on the maximum school distance can significantly improve the spatial equity of educational opportunities.Therefore,to promote the spatial optimization and allocation of compulsory resources,it is necessary to periodically adjust the multi school zoning policy,enhance the randomness of enrollment opportunity allocation,appropriately increase the distance between students enrollment not exceeding 6 km,and“balance”the education quality of each school through coordinating the staffing and flow of teachers,strengthening library construction,and optimizing and improving the mechanism for ensuring compulsory education funding,and different enrollment probabilities are set at different distance levels,in order to promote the overall goal of

关 键 词：义务教育 教育公平 就近入学 多校划片 概率相似 

分 类 号：G522.3[文化科学—教育学]