日本义务教育改革:从均衡到失衡  

Compulsory Education Reform in Japan:from Balance to Imbalance

作　　者：谭建川 TAN Jianchuan

机构地区：[1]西南大学教育学部,重庆400715

出　　处：《东北亚学刊》2024年第3期127-142,150,共17页Journal of Northeast Asia Studies

摘　　要：二战后日本大力推动教育改革,短时间内实现了全国义务教育的基本均衡。进入21世纪以来,日本推行新一轮义务教育改革。在新自由主义理念引领下,提倡市场竞争和自由选择,国家减少义务教育经费投入,实施多轨制学制改革和地方分权制改革,导致优质教育资源再现竞争性聚集与结构性稀缺问题,义务教育逐步陷入失衡状态。日本义务教育改革的启示是:政府要促进义务教育优质均衡发展,坚持义务教育的公共性和公益性;义务教育改革要确保公立学校性质不产生实质性变化;改革措施要遵循教育的内在发展规律。After the end of World War II,the Japanese government actively promoted the reform of compulsory education,formulated a series of laws and regulations,and carried out many measures,including increasing the allocation of funds for compulsory educa⁃tion,issuing policies to provide assistance to primary and secondary schools in re⁃mote areas,stipulating the standards of class size and teacher recruitment in primary and secondary schools,and implementing a single school education system and a uni⁃fied curriculum.These measures have ensured the balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education,and promoted the development of Japanese educa⁃tion.Since the 21st century,Japan has carried out a new turn compulsory education reform.Under the guidance of neoliberalism,firstly,the government has gradually re⁃duced its investment in compulsory education which was beared by autonomous re⁃gions themselves.Secondly,the Japanese government also advocated market competi⁃tion and freedom of choice in education,canceled the nearby enrollment policy,and implemented multi-track school education system.In addition,the government also promoted curriculum reform,implemented“a margin for education”,and strength⁃ened the teacher accountability management.These measures have triggered re⁃newed competition for high-quality educational resources and uneven distribution of the resources,which has caused damage to the public welfare nature of compulsory education.Also,they have widened the regional and interscholastic gap in Japan’s compulsory education,and the balanced development has gradually fallen into an un⁃balanced state.All in all,Japan’s compulsory education reform enlightens us that we should strengthen the government’s responsibility for promoting the balanced devel⁃opment of compulsory education,ensuring that the reform of compulsory education keep the nature of public school,and formulating reform measures based on the in⁃herent development logic of education.

关 键 词：日本 义务教育 教育改革 均衡发展 新自由主义 

分 类 号：G531.3[文化科学—教育学]