从“经文”到“经义”——“读书革命”视野中的近代读经法变异  

From“Texts”to“Principles”:The Modern Change in Reading Methods of Confucian Classics in the Perspective of“Leserevolution”

作　　者：陆胤[1] Lu Yin

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言文学系,北京100871

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第4期39-57,165,共20页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：北京市社科基金重点项目“近代文章学研究”(21DTR033)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清季新旧学术碰撞,今文经学崛起,读经方法成为学术论争的一大焦点。戊戌维新前后,康有为、梁启超师徒注重读书门径,提出“重义不重经文”的速成读法;同时期张之洞方面发布《劝学篇》,亦主张“经学通大义”为主的“守约”之法。癸卯学制确立“读经讲经”为中小学堂必不可少的科目,引出学堂体制下的新法读经和新体经学教科书。随着科举改废与新学流播,经学体系内原本融为一体的“经文”与“经义”开始在学者观念中分离;“读经法”的着眼点亦渐从文本记诵、文字训诂转向“微言大义”的求索或附会,对宋元以来文本取径的传统读书法带来致命的冲击。近代读经法的变异,伴随着白话文的兴起与新学科秩序的形成,问题已不限于读经本身,更关乎普遍意义上的教化实践与读写生活,预示着一场漫长“读书革命”(Leserevolution)的发端。In the late Qing period,the collision between the old and the new,along with the rise of New Text Confucianism,highlighted the issue of Confucian classics'reading method as a major focus of academic debates.Before and after the Hundred Days of Reform in 1898,Kang Youwei,Liang Qichao,and other disciples of Kang attached importance to the approach of reading and promoted the rapid-reading method of“emphasizing the principles of classics over the texts”.During the same period,Zhang Zhidong published Quanxue Pian,advocating the reading method of“attending to what is vital”by“comprehending the general principles should be the primary concern when reading Confucian classics”.The 1904 school system entrenched“reading Confucian classics”as a compulsory course for primary and secondary education,spurring new pedagogical approaches and new styled textbooks for Confucian classics reading under the new system.“Texts”and“principles”in the Confucian classic system used to be an inseparable integration.The abolition of the imperial examinations and the spread of the new school system caused the integration of“texts”and“principles”to be disjointed in scholars'senses.Thus,the focus of the reading method of Confucian classics gradually migrated from recitation and exegesis of texts towards the search for“subtle principles”,delivering a fatal blow to the traditional text-centered reading method prevalent since the Song-Yuan period.The modern change in reading methods of Confucian classics,coinciding with the rise of vernacular writing and the formation of a new disciplinary order,was no longer confined within Classic Studies,but was broadly involved with the practice of indoctrination and literacy in general terms,which heralded the commencement of a long term“Leserevolution”(reading revolution).

关 键 词：读书革命 读经法 经文 经义 

分 类 号：B25[哲学宗教—中国哲学] K25[历史地理—历史学]