良知学——物的证成或遗忘  

Wang Yangming’s Conscience Philosophy:Justification or Oblivion of Things

作　　者：杨儒宾[1,2] Yang Rubin

机构地区：[1]台湾清华大学哲学研究所,中国台湾 [2]“中央研究院”,中国台湾

出　　处：《广东社会科学》2024年第5期38-62,285,共26页Social Sciences in Guangdong

摘　　要：良知学的成立可以归到王阳明的龙场之悟,龙场之悟的内容是新的格致学,也是对朱子学的格致学的反动。王阳明的“良知”是主体化的本体,可谓“乾知”,它统摄了主体的情、意、知的功能。良知的作用是无知之知,它与所感者不是主客对列的关系。良知的感应为物,其物不是认知心所对之物,而是无物之物。王阳明的格致是良知直感直应的顿教事件,“心”与“物”都不是经验性的概念,而是超越界的概念,但却又作用于现实世界。朱子的格致论也预设了“心”与“物”都有超越面,它在学者“豁然贯通”的功夫论终点呈现。但在工夫历程中,心知与物理有辩证的关系。学者要先了解现实事物的认知之理,其心中蕴藏的理才可彰显。心中明朗一分后,对物之理可以有更广与更深的理解,如此反复。朱子的格致论强调现实世界的道德判断都要建立在分殊性的、间接性的背景知识上面,最终才可达到心物同时升入先天境界。王阳明与朱子的格致论其实不一定矛盾,但王阳明因强调良知的承体起用,所以彰显了物的先天义,但对物的知识义却无法证成。本文举王阳明用以形容良知妙用之场的书法与军事为例,指出良知的当下判断其实仍建立在广阔的支援性意识的间接性知识上面,良知教是顿教与渐教的统一。The establishment of the doctrine of conscience can be attributed to Wang Yangming’s enlighten⁃ment at Longchang.This enlightenment contained a new understanding of the study of things to acquire knowledge,and it also represented a reaction against Zhu Xi’s doctrine of the study of things to acquire knowledge.Wang Yangming’s conscience is the subjectified essence,which can be called the“knowing of the beginning.”It encompasses the functions of emotion,will,and knowledge in the subject.The function of conscience is the knowing of the unknowing.It does not have a subject-object relationship with the ob⁃ject of sensation.The object of conscience’s sensation is not the object that the cognitive mind confronts,but the object of non-object.Wang Yangming’s study of things to acquire knowledge is an event of direct sensation of conscience.The heart and the object are not empirical concepts,but transcendental concepts,and they still act on the real world.Zhu Xi’s doctrine of the study of things to acquire knowledge also pre⁃supposes that the heart and the object have a transcendental aspect.It is manifested at the end of the selfcultivation process in which the scholar suddenly catches the principle of moral.However,in the process of self-cultivation in Zhu Xi’s school of thought,there is a dialectical relationship between heart-knowl⁃edge and object-principle.The scholar must first understand the cognitive principle of real things,and then the principle contained in his heart can be revealed.As the heart becomes clearer,the understanding of the object’s principle also becomes deeper and wider,and so on.Zhu Xi’s doctrine of the study of things to acquire knowledge emphasizes that moral judgments in the real world must be based on the back⁃ground knowledge of differentiation and indirectness.In the end,it can reach the state of both heart and ob⁃ject ascending into the innate realm.Wang Yangming’s doctrine of the study of things to acquire knowl⁃edge and Zhu Xi’s doctrine of the stud

关 键 词：良知 王阳明 朱子 格物致知 焦点意识 支援意识 

分 类 号：B248.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]