有限存在者何以神圣?——从康德“endliche,heilige Wesen”译法之争出发的讨论  

How Does the Finite Being Become Holy:A Discussion from the Debate on the Translation of Kant's“Endliche,heilige Wesen”

作　　者：罗亚玲[1] Luo Yaling(School of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2024年第5期125-133,共9页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“责任伦理视角下的康德道德哲学研究”(项目批准号:20BZX092)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“endliche,heilige Wesen”这一出现于康德《道德形而上学》(1797年)之“德性论”中的概念究竟应当如何翻译,近年来在国内学界引起了广泛关注和讨论。本文取“有限的神圣存在者”之译,并认为与此相关的值得讨论的问题应当是:“有限存在者何以神圣?”这是一个实践哲学的问题,它追问人是否以及如何可能实现道德完善性,是康德德性论甚至所有美德伦理需要面对的一个重要问题。基于对“有限的神圣存在者”概念的分析,文章表明,有限存在者的神圣性不在于根除偏好,而在于克服趋恶的倾向,在于以道德的方式追求幸福。以“有限的神圣存在者”作为道德理想,体现了康德道德哲学对人之有限性和理性双重属性的深刻把握。文章还指出,康德对于有限存在者何以神圣问题的处理,需要结合至善思想加以考察。从《实践理性批判》到《纯然理性界限内的宗教》,康德对于至善如何可能问题的不同论述,意味着他在这一问题上的观点变化,即从认为有限存在者不可能神圣转变为试图说明其可能性。这种变化,并非前后矛盾,而是康德道德哲学发展完善的体现。How to translate the concept of“endliche,heilige Wesen,”which appears in Kant's Metaphysics of Morals,has aroused much attention and discussion in recent years in Chinese academic circles.This article takes the translation of“finite holy being”and argues that a meaningful relative discussion should be centered on the question of“how does the finite being become holy.”This is a question of practical philosophy that asks whether and how it is possible for human beings to achieve moral perfection,and it is an important question that Kant's Doctrine of Virtue,and indeed all virtue ethics,needs to confront.Based on the analysis of the concept of“finite holy being,”the article shows that the holiness of finite being does not lie in the eradication of inclination,but in overcoming the propensity to evil and in the pursuit of happiness in a moral way.Kant regards the“finite holy being”as the moral ideal,which shows that his moral philosophy has a profound grasp of the dual attributes of human finitude and rationality.The article also points out that Kant's treatment of the question of how a finite being becomes holy needs to be investigated in the context of the idea of the highest good.From the Critique of Practical Reason to Religion within the Limits of Pure Reason,Kant's different treatments of the question of how the highest good is possible imply a change in his view on this question,i.e.,a shift from the view that finite beings cannot be holy to an attempt to account for its possibility.This change,rather than being inconsistent,shows the development and refinement of Kant's moral philosophy.

关 键 词：康德 有限的神圣存在者 德性论 意念 至善 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]