特岗教师、乡村教育与人力资本代际流动  

Special-Post Teachers, Rural Education and Human Capital Intergenerational Mobility

作　　者：宋弘[1,2,3] 罗吉罡 Song Hong;Luo Jigang(Department of Economics,Fudan University;Shanghai Institute of International Finance and Economics;Research Institute for Innovation and Digital Economy,Fudan University;School of Economics and Management,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学经济学院 [2]上海国际金融与经济研究院 [3]复旦大学创新与数字经济研究院 [4]清华大学经济管理学院

出　　处：《管理世界》2024年第10期51-68,共18页Journal of Management World

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目“利用教育信息化契机,提升学生人力资本、缩小教育鸿沟”(项目号:72173027);国家社科基金重大项目“中国人口老龄化对经济增长的影响路径与政策选择研究”(项目号:20&ZD076);国家自科基金创新研究群体项目“中国经济发展规律与治理机制研究”(项目号:72121002)的资助。

摘　　要：为农村学生提供优质的教育,加快其实现人力资本的向上代际流动,是阻断贫困代际传递、稳定脱贫长效机制的重要举措。在此背景下,本文从理论和实证层面探究我国乡村特岗计划对人力资本代际流动的影响,并构建分析框架量化区分影响代际流动的机制。本文发现:第一,特岗计划显著促进了人力资本的向上代际流动,子代的受教育年限和认知能力等指标及其分位数相较于父代都得到提升,但政策对非认知能力的代际流动作用不明显。第二,政策的效应随招聘的特岗教师数量而增强;政策对西部地区学生、男生、低收入家庭的学生有更强的效应;特岗教师与当地传统教师资源间可能存在协同效应。第三,政策的作用机制体现为:一方面,政策使子女接受了比父辈更高质量的义务教育,扩大了其与父母的人力资本差距;另一方面,义务教育质量的提升又进一步提高了子女未来的受教育年限,从而再次扩大与父母的人力资本差距,根据量化估计,两次流动具有几乎同等重要的作用。本文的研究,为共同富裕和乡村振兴背景下,提高农村地区人力资本代际流动、巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果提供了新的启示。Providing rural students with quality education and accelerating their intergenerational upward mobility of human capital is an important measure to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty and achieve long-term poverty eradication. This paper presents a theoretical and empirical examination of the impact of China's rural special post programme on intergenerational mobility of human capital, and constructs an analytical framework to quantitatively differentiate the mechanisms that drive the intergenerational mobility. The analysis finds that, firstly, the special post programme significantly promotes intergenerational upward mobility of human capital. The years of education, cognitive ability and their quartiles of the offspring generation are improved compared with the parent generation, but the policy has no significant effect on intergenerational mobility of non-cognitive ability. Secondly, the effect of the policy increases with the number of special teachers recruited;the policy has a stronger effect on students from western regions, male students, and students from low-income families;there are possible synergies between special teachers and local traditional teacher resources. Thirdly, the mechanisms of the policy are from two aspects: on the one hand, the policy enables children to receive higher-quality compulsory education than their parents, widening the human capital gap between them and their parents;on the other hand, the improvement in the quality of compulsory education further raises the children's future years of schooling, thus further widening the human capital gap between them and their parents. According to our estimates, the two flows have an almost equally important role to play. The results in this paper provide new insights for improving the intergenerational mobility of human capital in rural areas and consolidating the achievement of poverty alleviation in the context of common wealth and rural revitalisation.

关 键 词：代际流动 人力资本 特岗教师 乡村教育 

分 类 号：G525.1[文化科学—教育学] G521[文化科学—教育技术学] F323.6[经济管理—产业经济]