教育法典编纂背景下教育法律责任概念的重塑  

On the Concept of Educational Legal Responsibility in the Compilation of the Education Code

作　　者：郑悠然 湛中乐[1] ZHENG Youran;ZHAN Zhongle

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院/教育立法研究基地,北京100871

出　　处：《中国人民大学教育学刊》2024年第4期115-127,共13页Renmin University of China Education Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“中国教育法学总论体系构建研究”(20BFX050)。

摘　　要：明确教育法律责任的概念对于教育法典编纂工作至关重要。现有教育法律责任概念存在着与一般法律责任的关系不明晰、与义务概念相混淆以及国家主义色彩浓厚的问题,容易忽略对教育主体的权利保护。教育活动的复杂性和传统法律责任理论的义务依附性是造成上述问题的双重原因。为此,应将教育属性确立为教育法律责任的本质特征,并通过引鉴权利本位的法律责任理论,将之界定为“因与教育活动有关的特定法律事实使某教育主体承担不利后果的依据”。将教育法律责任概念立基于教育属性和权利本位,不仅可强化该概念自身的独立性,也更契合以保护主体权利为中心的教育法典编纂理念,进而可增强法典的体系性。在教育法典的体例编排上,应于总则设教育法律责任专章,并将教育主体作为责任内容设置的“中心轴”,通过提取公因式的方法,分别确定学生、教师、父母或者其他监护人、学校、教育行政部门的教育法律责任。Educational legal responsibility is a core concept in the compilation of the Education Code.There are three problems with the current concept of educational legal responsibility.Firstly,the relationship between educational legal responsibility and general legal responsibility is unclear.Secondly,the concept of educational legal responsibility and obligation is confused.Thirdly,the concept itself has a strong nationalist color.The complexity of educational activities and the obligation dependence of traditional legal liability theories are the dual reasons for the above problems.Therefore,the attribute of education should be established as the essential feature of educational legal responsibility,and at the same time,by referencing the legal responsibility theory based on rights,the educational legal responsibility should be defined as“the basis for a certain educational subject to bear adverse consequences due to specific legal facts related to educational activities”.Establishing the concept of educational legal responsibility on the basis of educational attributes and rights can not only strengthen the independence of the concept itself,but also better align with the legislative value of the Education Code,thereby enhancing the systematic nature of the Code.In the arrangement of the style of the Education Code,legislators should establish a special chapter on education legal responsibility in the General Provisions section,while taking the education subject as the“main line”of responsibility content;At the same time,the legal responsibilities of each education subject should be determined separately by adopting legislative techniques that extract common factors.

关 键 词：教育法律责任 教育责任 教育法典 教育主体 权利本位 

分 类 号：G40-011.8[文化科学—教育学原理]