仁政与义学:“敬德保民”与“修己以敬”在孟子敬论中的深化与展开  

Benevolent Government and the Theory of Righteousness:Deepening and Expansion of“Respecting Virtue to Protect the Populace”and“Self-Cultivation through Respect”in Mencius’Theory of Respect

作　　者：孙勇勇 SUN Yong-yong(Institute for Advanced Studies in Confucianism,Shandong University,Jinan250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,济南250100

出　　处：《山东青年政治学院学报》2024年第6期66-74,共9页Journal of Shandong Youth University of Political Science

基　　金：中华优秀传统文化专项课题“儒家伦理话语体系建构与当代社会伦理道德建设研究”(23JDTCA045)。

摘　　要：孟子敬论上承两条线索发展而来:一是政治伦理中的“敬德保民”论,二是规范伦理下的“修己以敬”论。孟子在自己所建构的“仁政”与“义学”中以“恭敬之心”对这两条线索进行了深化与展开。“恭敬之心”作为一种潜能潜存于人,这一事实不仅在“所是”层面说明了“何以为人”,更是在“能是”与“应是”层面指明了“如何成人”,孟子据此论证了“义内”之说并建构了“义学”;在政治领域中,孟子以“三达尊”之论提出臣敬君爵、君敬臣德,将庸俗化了的单向度的“君臣主敬”修正为双向的“君臣相敬”并阐述了政治伦理中的“友道”。此外,孟子提出君臣都应当敬尧舜之道,并据此阐述了“民贵君轻”“以民为本”的王道仁政。通过对政治之敬与道德之敬的深化与展开,孟子将敬论扩展为涵盖了修身行义、君臣相敬、民贵君轻等多个层面的伦理原则,并确立了其“仁政”与“义学”的哲学体系。Mencius’theory of respect develops along two key lines:“Respecting Virtue to Protect the Populace”in political ethics and“Self-Cultivation by Respect”in normative ethics.In his construction of the benevolent government and the theory of righteousness,Mencius deepens these two dimensions through his concept of the reverent mind.This reverent mind,an inherent potential within every person,not only defines human nature but also guides the process of moral self-completion,encompassing both what is possible and what ought to be.On this basis,Mencius advocates for the internalization of righteousness,thereby constructing his theory of righteousness.In the political realm,Mencius promotes reciprocal respect between monarchs and ministers:monarchs should respect their ministers for their virtue,while ministers should respect the rank of the monarch.This reciprocal respect transforms traditional hierarchical respect into a more balanced and mutual respect,aligning with the principle of friendship in political ethics.Moreover,Mencius emphasizes the importance of revering the ways of the ancient sage-kings Yao and Shun,based on which he discusses the benevolent government characterized by the people as more important than the monarch and people-oriented rule.Through the expansion of respect in both political and moral realms,Mencius integrates principles such as self-cultivation,righteousness,mutual respect between monarchs and ministers,and the people are more important than the monarch into his philosophical system of benevolent government and the theory of righteousness.

关 键 词：恭敬之心 仁政 义学 敬德保民 修己以敬 

分 类 号：B222.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]