传统政治思想中的分配之道:基于共同体意识和政道思维的新解读  

Theories of Distribution in Traditional Chinese Political Thoughts: A Comparative Analysis of Confucianism,Legalism,and Daoism Through the Lens of Community Consciousness and National Governance

作　　者：陈慧荣[1] Chen Huirong

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学国际与公共事务学院,上海市200030

出　　处：《政治学研究》2024年第6期35-49,M0004,M0005,共17页CASS Journal of Political Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“制度建设向治理效能转化的历史路径研究”(21BZZ043)的研究成果。

摘　　要：收入和财富的分配之道有两个相互关联的“基源问题”:第一,分配在怎样的共同体内发生和讨论;第二,在界定的共同体内,分配如何服务于理想政治秩序的建立。围绕这两个“基源问题”,本文从共同体意识和政道思维两个视角重新解读儒家、法家和道家的分配观。“共同体意识”关系到建设一个怎样的政治共同体,界定了分配共同体的边界以及各个共同体的主次关系。“政道思维”是一个政治共同体内治国理政的目标和方式,塑造了分配的方向和策略。儒家、法家和道家分别秉持“均平分配观”“强国分配观”和“无为分配观”。儒家笃信共同体多元化,倡导“等差有序、仁和中让”的礼治秩序,因而主张国家汲取有度,不与民争利,财富按照身份等级分配,贫富差距要适度。法家秉持大共同体本位和王权主导的强国论,青睐强力汲取与控制的治国模式,因此主张强国弱民,君主掌控分配权,抑制兼并,打击权臣豪强。道家坚守小共同体本位和无为而治,所以认为财富分配要遵从天道,任自然,不干预。儒家、法家和道家的分配观既有交锋,也有融合。The scope of distribution and the ideal political order are two fundamental issues regarding wealth distribution. The traditional views of distribution in Chinese classical political theories can be explained by their distinct types of community consciousness and theories of national governance. Community consciousness defines the boundary of distribution and prioritizes the interests of various communities,while theories of national governance shape the goals and methods of wealth distribution and redistribution. Confucians, Legalists, and Daoists each held different views on distribution: Confucians supported hierarchical distribution, Legalists favored state-strengthening distribution,and Daoists advocated for laissez-faire distribution. With their pluralistic view of community and a hierarchical yet benevolent approach to governance, Confucians advocated for moderate state extraction. They contended that wealth distribution should follow the societal hierarchical structure,ensuring that inequality remained moderate. Legalists,with a state-centered view of community and an extractive and repressive mode of governance,preferred policies that strengthened the state and weakened society. They suggested that the ruler must firmly control the power of distribution and believed that privileged,wealthy,and powerful elites were potential threats that needed to be repressed. In contrast,Daoists emphasized the value of small communities and a laissez-faire governing style. They proposed minimal state extraction and laissez-faire policies for distribution,arguing that wealth should be distributed according to natural law, with the ruler refraining from any redistribution. Despite these differences,there are commonalities and convergences among these three mainstream ideologies.

关 键 词：共同体意识 政道思维 财富分配 儒家 法家 道家 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]