反洗钱视野中地下钱庄的刑事法律规制  

Criminal Legal Regulation of Underground Banks from the Anti-Money Laundering Perspective

作　　者：王新[1] 雷昌宇 Wang Xin;Lei Changyu

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2025年第1期33-44,共12页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“金融犯罪的立法与司法研究”(18AFX012)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：地下钱庄对我国金融管理秩序产生多维度的危害,并且逐渐向专业洗钱团伙的方向转变,成为上游犯罪人跨境转移赃款的隐蔽通道。针对地下钱庄非法从事资金支付结算和买卖外汇行为的刑事处罚,在以往呈现非法经营罪“一家独大”的司法适用局面,这不仅遮掩了地下钱庄所蕴含的洗钱风险,也存在未全面评价行为的法益侵害性、未揭示资金的真实法律性质、难以开展司法协助等问题。在《刑法修正案(十一)》对洗钱罪进行重大修改和全面激活对地下钱庄适用洗钱罪的新形势下,司法实践中应确立洗钱罪与非法经营罪的“先此后彼”审查模式,深挖证据来优先查明地下钱庄是否涉嫌洗钱罪,并拓宽以打击洗钱为主轴的国际合作渠道。在以往的司法实践中,洗钱罪的主观认知问题一直是司法认定的难点,这同样成为对地下钱庄适用洗钱罪的主要障碍,需要从理论上澄清争议,并且在实践上着力破解。Underground banks pose multifaceted threats to China's financial management system and are increasingly evolving into specialized money laundering organizations, serving as a covert means for upstream criminals to transfer stolen funds across borders. Criminal penalties for the illegal activities of underground banks in capital payment, settlement, and foreign exchange trading have historically been dominated by the crime of illegal business operations. This focus not only obscures the inherent money laundering risks associated with underground banks but also fails to fully assess the detrimental impact of these actions on legal interests, reveal the true legal nature of the funds, and complicates the process of judicial assistance. In light of the recent significant changes introduced by the Criminal Law Amendment(XI)regarding money laundering, which has broadened the application of money laundering laws to underground banks, judicial practice should adopt a “first then second” examination model for money laundering and illegal business operations. This model should prioritize a thorough investigation of evidence to first determine whether underground banks are suspected of money laundering, while also enhancing international cooperation channels focused on combating money laundering. Historically, the subjective assessment of money laundering of fenses has posed a significant challenge, becoming a primary barrier to applying money laundering laws to underground banks. It is essential to clarify theoretical disputes and strive to resolve them in practice.

关 键 词：地下钱庄 洗钱罪 非法经营罪 跨境对敲 主观认定 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]