从平衡态到非平衡态——关于热学课程中压强概念的一些拓展  

FROM EQUILIBRIUM TO NON-EQUILIBRIUM——SOME EXTENSIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE IN THERMODYNAMICS COURSES

作　　者：刘鹏 吕勇军[1] 李元昌 王菲[1] 邹健[1] 郑宁 李军刚[1] LIU Peng;LYU Yongjun;LI Yuanchang;WANG Fei;ZOU Jian;ZHENG Ning;LI Jungang(Beijing Institute of Technology,School of Physics,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学物理学院,北京100081

出　　处：《物理与工程》2024年第6期124-130,共7页Physics and Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目,项目批准号12374205,2024年1月—2027年12月;2023年度教育部高等学校热学课程教学研究项目,项目编号JZW-23-RX-11。

摘　　要：在本科教学中融入科研前沿、训练科研思维对学生能力的提升有重要作用。本文以压强为例,由浅入深地梳理平衡态热力学系统中压强的推导过程,并结合软凝聚态领域最前沿的科研进展,讨论了压强在非平衡活性系统中的奇特性质——不是一个系统参量决定的状态函数,而是依赖相互作用、动力学的微观细节。本文有助于学生从不同的角度加深对压强的理解,夯实物理基础知识、了解前沿科研进展,期望抛砖引玉,能够给教师同人们一些启迪。Incorporating cutting-edge research and training in scientific thinking into undergraduate education plays a crucial role in enhancing students'abilities.This paper uses pressure as an example to progressively outline the derivation of pressure in equilibrium thermodynamic systems.It then discusses the unique properties of pressure in non-equilibrium active systems,drawing on the latest research in the field of soft condensed matter.Unlike in equilibrium systems,pressure in these non-equilibrium systems is not a state function determined by a single system parameter but depends on the microscopic details of interactions and dynamics.This paper aims to deepen students'understanding of pressure from different perspectives,strengthen their fundamental knowledge in physics,and introduce them to cutting-edge research developments.It is hoped that this work will inspire and provide insights for fellow educators.

关 键 词：压强 平衡态 活性物质 约束 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]