循吏与汉初黄老政治  

The Officers Who Follows Precedence and Huang-Lao Politics in the Early Han Dynasty

作　　者：徐莹 Xu Ying

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院 [2]《史学月刊》编辑部

出　　处：《中国史研究》2025年第1期64-80,168,169,共19页Journal of Chinese Historical Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“出土简帛与黄老刑德思想研究”(22BZS006)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《史记》中以“奉法循理”为特征的循吏,其名称出自黄老道家的因循思想。基于物的自生性和人的自为性,黄老道家认为执政者在天道的统御下尊奉法度、因循人性即可为治,治民无需“威严”。“奉法循理”中的“奉法”,强调执政者严格执行国家的法令制度,君臣均不得以私害法;“循理”则主要表现为执政者要顺应人情事理去实施统治,而不是像儒法两家那样汲汲于改变和重塑人性。“奉法”和“循理”的实质都是“尊道”,这种政治思想强调用人之自为、不用人之为我,其色调是与“威严”相反的“宽缓”。《史记·循吏列传》的相关记载,表达的正是黄老学说“以虚无为本、以因循为用”的政治理念。在司马迁笔下,循吏的“清静无为”并非完全是负面的、消极的不作为,而是一种以“无为”为表象的、以深谙人情事理为基础的、以引导为主要方式的,高超的、有为的统治方法。汉初黄老政治中的因循之术,是《史记·循吏列传》政治理念的现实基础。The officers who follows precedence in the Historical Records characterized by"following the law and reasoning"comes from the Huang-Lao Taoism thought.Based on the self-generation of things and the action by self-nature of people,Huang-Lao Taoism believes that the ruler can govern by respecting the law and following human nature under the control of heaven,and there is no need to be"majestic"to govern the people.The"law"in"following the law and reasoning"emphasizes that the rulers strictly implement the country's laws and regulations,and the monarch and ministers are not allowed to harm the law privately;"Rationalism"is mainly manifested in the fact that the rulers should rule according to human conditions and reason,rather than learning from and reshaping human nature like Confucianism and Legalism.The essence of"following the law"and"following reason"is"respecting the Tao",and this kind of political ideology emphasizes employing people for oneself and not using others for oneself,and its tone is"leniency"as opposed to"majesty".The relevant records of"Historical Records:The Biography of the Officers Who Follows Precedence"express the political concept of Huang-Lao's doctrine of"taking nothingness as the foundation and following the law as the use".In Sima Qian's writing,the"quiet and inaction"of the followers is not a completely negative and negative inaction,but a superb and promising ruling method with"inaction"as the appearance,a deep understanding of human affairs and reasoning,and guidance as the main way.The technique of following in the politics of Huang-Lao in the early Han Dynasty is the practical basis of the political concept of"Historical Records:The Biography of the Officers Who Follows Precedence".

关 键 词：循吏 《史记》 黄老 无为 自为 

分 类 号：K234.1[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]