“成人”与“克己”——儒学中的自我与他者  

“Self-improvement” and “Self-restraint”——The Self and the Other in Confucianism

作　　者：吴先伍[1] WU Xianwu(School of Public Administration,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学公共管理学院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2025年第2期5-12,共8页Qilu Journal

摘　　要：自近代以来,人们站在西方的立场上,要么批评儒家缺少自我观念,要么自觉向西方靠拢,认为儒家的自我观念高度突出,这都是对于儒学的误解。儒家强调人是社会关系中的人,主动将人置于关系之中,从而否定西方式的独立自主的个体性自我,因此儒家的关系模式不是一种“我—它”关系模式。不过,儒家的关系模式也不是角色伦理所展示的“我—你”模式,因为在角色关系中“成己”本身就已经潜藏着自我中心主义的风险,虽然其有助于社会走向整齐有序,但也会导致社会走向冷漠。因此,儒家要通过“克己”来消解“己”的自我中心主义残余,也就是通过“己”的情感性,将他者的悲惨处境变成自我道德行为的动因和依据,从而强调他者之于自我的优先性,而这也是我—它、我—你关系模式之外的一种新的关系模式。Since modern times,people have taken the Western perspective and either criticized Confucianism for its lack of self-concept or consciously aligning with the West by emphasizing what they perceive as a highly prominent self-concept in Confucianism,both of which are misunderstandings of Confucianism.Confucianism emphasizes that human beings are persons embedded within social relations and actively places them in such contexts,thus negating the Western style of independent and autonomous individuality of the self,and thus the relational model of Confucianism is not the model of “I-it” relations.However,the Confucian model of relationship is also not the “I-you” model demonstrated by role ethics,because “becoming oneself” in a role relationship already carries the risk of egocentrism.While this may contribute to social orderliness,it can also foster societal indifference.Therefore,Confucianism wants to dissolve the egocentric residue of “self” through “self-restraint”,that is,by harnessing the emotionality of the “self” to transform the misfortunes of others into the impetus and rationale for one's moral actions.Through the emotionality of “self”,the tragic situation of the other is turned into the motive and basis for the moral behavior of the self,thus emphasizing the priority of the other over the self,which is a new relational model beyond the “I-it” and “I-you” paradigms.

关 键 词：成人 角色 克己 自我 他者 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]