笛卡尔的动物-机器说新论  

A New Interpretation of Descartes's Beast-Machine Doctrine

作　　者：施璇[1] Shi Xuan(Institute of Philosophy,Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences,Shanghai 200025,China)

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院哲学研究所,上海200025

出　　处：《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期33-43,共11页Fudan Journal(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“笛卡尔自然哲学的当代争议问题研究”(项目批准号:22BZX102)支持。

摘　　要：当今科技的发展对人与机器的界线正在提出全新的挑战,在这样的背景下,有必要重新看待笛卡尔的动物-机器说。标准解读认为该学说主张动物是没有感觉、没有激情、没有生命的机器。对文本的深挖与分析表明笛卡尔明确主张动物有感觉、有激情、有生命。新的文本证据推翻了过去对笛卡尔动物-机器说的标准解读,但也带来了新的理论困难。一方面,笛卡尔的确主张动物是机器;另一方面,他又主张动物有感觉、有激情、有生命,这两则主张似乎相互矛盾。本文将基于笛卡尔对感觉、激情与生命的独特阐述,论证这两则主张在其哲学体系中是融贯的,并对动物-机器说给出新的阐释。动物和机器都是有(纯粹发生在身体上的)感觉、激情以及生命,它们只是没有心灵、没有思想;因此,笛卡尔动物-机器说的真正内涵不是标准解读所误解的那样,主张动物像机器一样没有感觉、激情、生命,而是主张机器可以和动物一样有感觉、有激情、有生命,后者才是这一学说的创新之处。笛卡尔的动物观平凡无奇,但他的机器观却不同凡响,其思想在动物哲学与机器哲学的相关研究中应当得到更多的重视与研究。Descartes's beast-machine doctrine is a famous theory in the history of Western philosophy.Its standard reading suggests that animals are machines without sensation,passion,or life.The deep excavation and analysis of the text indicate that Descartes clearly advocates that animals have feelings,passions,and life.The new textual evidence overturns the standard reading of Cartesian beast-machine doctrine,but it also brings new theoretical difficulties.On the one hand,Descartes did advocate that animals are machines;on the other hand,he advocates that animals have feelings,passions,and life,which seem to contradict each other.This article will be based on Descartes'unique exposition of sensation,passion,and life,arguing that these two propositions are integrated in his philosophical system,and providing a new interpretation of the beast-machine doctrine.Animals have(purely occurring in the body)feelings,passions,and life,they just have no soul,no thoughts;and machines can also have(purely occurring on the body)feelings,passion,and life,they just have no mind,no thought.Therefore,the true connotation of Descartes'beast-machine doctrine is not as misunderstood by standard interpretation,advocating that animals,like machines,have no sensations,passions,or life,but rather that machines can have sensations,passions,or life like animals.The latter is the innovation of this theory.Descartes's animal view is ordinary,but his machine view is extraordinary.His ideas should be given more attention and research in the related studies of animal philosophy and machine philosophy.

关 键 词：笛卡尔 动物-机器说 感觉 激情 生命 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]