日汉“数-分类词”「粒」和“颗”的名词分类功能对比研究  

A comparative study on the noun classification functions of the Japanese and Chinese numeral classifiers“tsubu”and“ke”

作　　者：李月明 Li Yueming

机构地区：[1]上海大学,上海市200444

出　　处：《高等日语教育》2024年第2期146-165,181,共21页Advanced Japanese Language Education

摘　　要：本研究以日汉两语中对“零维”事物进行范畴化的最典型的“数-分类词”「粒」和“颗”为例,基于日语BCCWJ和汉语BCC语料库,通过定量调查和定性分析相结合的方式,从二者搭配词项的语义特征、范畴化的认知动因及语义扩展机制等方面进行了细致描写和对比分析。研究发现:(1)日语分类词「粒」与汉语分类词“颗”都兼有作为“类别分类词”对事物名词进行分类的功能和作为“计量分类词”对物质名词进行计量并分类的功能;(2)汉语分类词“颗”可分类的名词范围更加广泛,语法化程度更高;(3)日语分类词「粒」的语义扩展基于单一的隐喻认知,而汉语分类词“颗”的语义扩展是复合型的认知机制,包括隐喻、转喻+隐喻、隐喻或转喻+隐喻三种,这也是推动汉语分类词“颗”语法化进程的原因之一。This study examines the most typical numeral classifiers for categorizing‘zero-dimensional’entities,specifically“tsubu”in Japanese and“ke”in Chinese,as illustrative examples.Based on the Japanese BCCWJ and Chinese BCC corpora,this research conducts a detailed description and comparative investigation through a synthesis of quantitative survey and qualitative analysis,focusing on the semantic characteristics of collocations,cognitive motivations for categorization,and mechanisms of semantic expansion of these two classifiers.The findings are as follows:(1)both the Japanese classifier“tsubu”and the Chinese classifier“ke”serve dual functions:as“sortal classifiers”for classifying object nouns and as“measural classifiers”for measuring and classifying mass nouns;(2)the Chinese classifier“ke”can classify a wider range of nouns and has a higher degree of grammaticalization compared to the Japanese classifier“tsubu”;(3)the semantic expansion of the Japanese classifier“tsubu”is based on a single metaphorical cognition,whereas the Chinese classifier“ke”involves a composite cognitive mechanism,including metaphor,metonymy+metaphor,and metaphor or metonymy+metaphor,which is also a contributing factor in driving the grammaticalization process of the Chinese classifier“ke”.

关 键 词：数-分类词 名词分类功能 范畴化 语义扩展 日汉对比 

分 类 号：H36[语言文字—日语] H136H146