汉文佛典音译词的“讹略”和“正梵”  

On the elüe(讹略)and zhengfan(正梵)Commenting the Transliterations in Chinese Buddhist Scriptures

作　　者：顾满林[1] Gu Manlin

机构地区：[1]四川大学中国俗文化研究所

出　　处：《中国语言学研究》2024年第2期111-149,319,共40页Journal of Studies on Languages in China

基　　金：2022年度教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“汉译佛典与中土佛教撰述用语比较研究”(22JJD740029)阶段性成果

摘　　要：汉文佛典中的音译词存在大量一词多译现象,同一个词语的多个译语,词形有长有短,其中简短者后来往往被称为“讹略”。“讹略”一语,始见于隋代而主要用于唐宋时期中土佛教撰述,常用来指出早期译经用语之不足。与“讹略”相对,比较贴近梵语读音的音译词被称作“正梵音”“正梵语”“正云”“外国正音”“西国正音”“梵正音”“梵语正音”“梵本正音”“西梵正音”等,现有用例主要见于唐人著述,而慧琳《一切经音义》使用“正梵音”一语最多。对应同一个源头语的“正梵”词形和“讹略”词形,实为同词异形。对大多数音译词而言,只有所谓“讹略”形式才是最适合汉语的,是汉译佛典使用音译词时做出的必然选择。相反,“正梵”形式大多并非真正适用的译经用语,总体上只是看似理想的“样品”。It is common in Chinese Buddhist scriptures that different transliterations could well be employed as equivalents of the same word from the source language of translating.Some of the transliterations are clippings or shortenings while others conform to the source language word more closely in pronunciation.The former were often referred to as elüe(讹略i.e.erroneous and clipped),and the latter zhengfan(正梵i.e.genuine Sanskrit).Elüe(讹略)was first introduced during the Sui(隋)dynasty to criticize the early clipped transliterations,and was mainly used in the Tang(唐)and Song(宋)dynasties.Those transliterations equal to Sanskrit words syllable by syllable were regarded as zhengyin(正音)or zhengfan(正梵)etc.mainly used in the Tang(唐)dynasty,especially in Huilin’s Yiqiejing Yinyi(慧琳《一切经音义》).On most occasions,only the clipped elüe(讹略)transliterations were practically employed in Chinese Buddhist texts,while the full zhengfan(正梵)transliterations just occurred as imaginary ideal forms on some specific purpose.

关 键 词：汉文佛典 音译词 讹略 梵语 

分 类 号：H711[语言文字] H131