“美育”究竟是什么——兼论美育在育人目标体系中的特殊性  

What Aesthetic Education Exactly Is:Focusing on the Particularity of Aesthetic Education in the Educational Goal System

作　　者：王占魁 Wang Zhankui(Institute of Schooling Reform and Development(Key Research Institute in University),East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062)

机构地区：[1]教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地华东师范大学基础教育改革与发展研究所,上海200062

出　　处：《教育研究》2025年第3期79-90,共12页Educational Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金2022年度教育学一般项目“经典教育理论的论辩逻辑体系研究”(编号:BAA220165)的研究成果。

摘　　要：从西方思想史上看,真正意义上的“美育”肇始于18世纪末康德美学对鲍姆嘉滕将“美学”作为“感性学”的理性认知偏差的矫正。康德认为,作为一个兼有“先验”和“心理”含义的调节认识能力与欲求能力的中间领域,动词意义上的“美学”或“审美”旨在实现由认知机能的和谐所带来的快乐。与此相应,以席勒为代表的新人文主义者进一步指出,“美育”旨在使人的心力自由活动。至20世纪初,马尔库塞又从文化批判的角度指出,美育旨在消除外在事物对人的本能力量的压抑性控制所造成的痛苦。由此可见,作为疗愈“认知能力”(对应智育目标)与“欲求能力”(对应德育目标)之间不和谐状况的药方出场的“美育”,并非与智育、德育、体育相并列的一个独立的教育目标,而是作为智育、德育、体育上位概念存在的一种综合性的教育目标。作为一个超越现实功利心的教育目标,美育旨在实现人的心灵和谐基础上的精神自由与身心和谐意义上的完满人格。这也正是蔡元培提出“以美育代宗教”主张的内在根据。进一步而言“,情感”只是审美的心理方面,而不是美育本身;“艺术”只是美育的手段,而不是美育的目标。From the perspective of Western intellectual history,the true meaning of"aesthetic education"started in the late 18th century with Kant's aesthetic correction of Baumgarten's rational cognitive bias toward"aesthetics"as"sensibility."In Kant's view,as an intermediate domain combining both"priori"and"psychological"meanings to regulate the cognitive ability and the desire-oriented ability,"aesthetics"in the sense of a verb aimed to gain pleasure from the harmony of cognitive functions.Correspondingly,new humanists represented by Schiller further pointed out that"aesthetic education"aimed to"enable the free movement of human mind and energy."At the beginning of the 20th century,Marcuse pointed out from the perspective of cultural criticism that aesthetic education aimed to eliminate the pain resulting from the oppressive control over human instinct by external things.From this,it can be seen that"aesthetic education"that appears as a remedy for the disharmony between the"cognitive ability"(corresponding to the goal for intellectual education)and the"desire-oriented ability"(corresponding to the goal for moral education)is not an independent educational goal alongside intellectual education,moral education and physical education,but a comprehensive educational goal that exists as their superior concept.As an educational goal that transcends practical utilitarianism,aesthetic education aims to achieve the spiritual freedom of humans on the basis of soul harmony and perfect personality in the sense of mind-body harmony.This is just the inherent basis for Cai Yuanpei's proposition of"replacing religion with aesthetic education."Furthermore,"emotion"is merely the psychological aspect of aesthetics rather than aesthetic education itself;"art"is merely a means of aesthetic education rather than its goal.

关 键 词：美育 审美教育 情感教育 艺术教育 通过艺术的教育 以美育代宗教 

分 类 号：G40-014[文化科学—教育学原理]