保守力、势能与参考系的深入讨论  

AN IN-DEPTH DISCUSSION OF CONSERVATIVE FORCES,POTENTIAL ENERGY AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS

作　　者：秦真科 朱广天[1] QIN Zhenke;ZHU Guangtian(College of Teacher Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学教师教育学院,上海200062

出　　处：《物理与工程》2025年第1期174-177,共4页Physics and Engineering

基　　金：全国教育科学“十四五”规划教育部青年课题《基于“干涉”主题的高中生量子论和相对论科普课程开发研究》(EHA220569)。

摘　　要：势能是物理中的重要内容,贯穿于高中和本科阶段的学习。本文针对势能学习中存在的诸多迷思问题,逐级、系统讨论了功与参考系的选取关系、一对相互作用力做功与参考系的选取关系、保守力定义中的参考系选取、保守力做功与势能、势能的对称性分析推理等五个问题,系统讨论了势能大概念深入理解路径。这将有助于建构更加系统、深刻的能量观念、相互作用观念,培养科学思维素养;有助于大中衔接视角下深入学习势能、深刻理解物理规律的本质。Potential energy is an important concept in physics,spanning the high school and undergraduate learning stages.This paper systematically addresses various misconceptions in the study of potential energy.It progressively discusses five issues:the relationship between work and the choice of reference frame,the relationship between the work done by a pair of interacting forces and the choice of reference frame,the selection of reference frames in the definition of conservative forces,the work done by conservative forces and potential energy,and the analysis and reasoning of the symmetry of potential energy.The systematic discussion of the comprehensive understanding of potential energy helps construct a more systematic and profound concept of energy and interaction,cultivates scientific thinking literacy.It is conducive to in-depth study of potential energy and a profound understanding of the essence of physical laws from the perspective of the transition from high school to college.

关 键 词：保守力 势能 参考系 对称性 

分 类 号：G633.7[文化科学—教育学]