参数动态调节的空气弹簧综合模型及电动客车动力学特性分析  

The Comprehensive Model of Air Spring with Dynamically Adjustable Parameters and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Electric Bus

作　　者：冯桂珍[1,2] 张思豪 李韶华 李鹏源[1,2] Feng Guizhen;Zhang Sihao;Li Shaohua;Li Pengyuan(Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures,Shijiazhuang 050043;School of Mechanical Engineering,Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,Shijiazhuang 050043)

机构地区：[1]石家庄铁道大学,省部共建交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室,石家庄050043 [2]石家庄铁道大学机械工程学院,石家庄050043

出　　处：《汽车工程》2025年第4期734-745,共12页Automotive Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(U22A20246);河北省自然科学基金(A2024210033);河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(JZX2023014);河北省省级科技计划(225676162GH)资助。

摘　　要：建立精确的空气弹簧模型是分析空气悬架电动客车振动特性的关键和前提。针对空气弹簧在不同承载质量下的特性存在差异,以某膜式空气弹簧为研究对象,考虑橡胶气囊作用力和承载质量变化因素,提出参数动态调节的空气弹簧综合模型,通过力学试验辨识橡胶气囊的关键参数,并验证了综合模型的精度与有效性。基于空气弹簧综合模型建立14座21自由度电动客车整车动力学模型,通过与相同参数的CarSim模型仿真对比验证模型的有效性。在此基础上,分析了空气弹簧非线性特性、车速、路面不平度及乘客分布对电动客车系统动力学特性的影响。研究表明,所提出的空气弹簧综合模型能适应承载质量和路面激励而动态调整模型参数;空气弹簧的迟滞力学特性不容忽视,相比于线性模型、不考虑迟滞力学特性的热力学模型、空气弹簧等效模型,空气弹簧综合模型使得车辆响应的悬架动挠度明显降低,分别减小22.95%、42.13%、18.20%。车速的提高、路面等级的降低以及乘客位置分布不均会使电动客车的平顺性恶化,距离客车质心位置越远的乘客乘坐的不适感越显著。Establishing an accurate air spring model is key and crucial for analyzing the vibration characteristics of air suspension electric buses.For the variation in the characteristics of air springs under different load,a comprehensive model of the air spring with dynamically adjustable parameters is proposed,considering the effect of rubber airbag force and changes in payload,taking a membrane-type air spring as the research object.Key parameters of the rubber airbag are identified through mechanical experiments,and the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified.Based on the comprehensive air spring model,a 14-seat,21-degree-of-freedom electric bus dynamics model is established.The model′s validity is verified through simulation comparison with a CarSim model with identical parameters.Subsequently,the influence of air spring nonlinear characteristics,vehicle speed,road roughness,and passenger distribution on the dynamic performance of the electric bus system is analyzed.The study shows that the proposed comprehensive air spring model can dynamically adjust its parameters in response to variation in load and road excitation.The hysteretic mechanical characteristics of the air spring cannot be ignored.Compared with linear models,thermodynamic models without considering hysteresis,and equivalent model of air spring,the comprehensive air spring model significantly reduces suspension deflection,with reduction of 22.95%,42.13%,and 18.20%,respectively.Increase of vehicle speed,lower road quality,and uneven passenger distribution negatively affect the ride comfort of the electric bus,with discomfort increasing for passengers seated farther from the bus′s center of gravity.

关 键 词：电动客车 空气弹簧综合模型 参数动态调节 平顺性 

分 类 号：U463.33[机械工程—车辆工程]