“三交”史视野下的中国古代乐籍制度起源研究  

Research on the Origins of the Ancient Chinese Music Household System from the Perspective of the Interaction,Exchange and Integration History

作　　者：张梦雨[1] 彭勇[1] ZHANG Meng-yu;PENG Yong(School of History and Culture,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学历史文化学院,北京100081

出　　处：《兰州大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期160-172,共13页Journal of Lanzhou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：北京市哲学社会科学基金重大项目“北京地区各民族交往交流交融历史文献整理与研究”(21ZDA06)。

摘　　要：中国古代的乐籍制度孕育于中原传统礼乐文明的土壤之中,萌芽于中华各民族制度文化的交往、交流、交融之间。早期宫廷倡优的身份和特征是乐籍制度诞生的历史渊源。自先秦时起就服务于宫廷礼乐制度中的倡优群体是乐户的前身,其身份的低贱性、户籍的特殊性、职业的世袭性等特征,是后世乐籍制度的重要元素。十六国北朝频繁的族群互动是乐籍制度萌芽的社会条件。这一时期各族群间的大混战、大迁徙、大融合产生了杂营户制,倡优乐人在剧烈的族群冲突与迁徙之中沦入杂营户,成为了最初的乐户。同时各族政权间的战争带来的大量俘虏(驱掠人口)和社会矛盾中滋生的罪犯亲属,则不断为乐户等杂营户提供来源。北魏“中华化”改革的典制化是乐籍制度成型的法律基础。乐籍制度沿袭后世的职业世袭、同色为婚、入仕受限等基本特征,是在北魏重建门阀士族制和良贱身份制的过程中形成的,而这一过程也正是北魏政权的“中华化”改革走向制度化、法典化的过程。以“三交”史的视角观照中国古代乐籍制度的起源,有助于反思历史上不同民族政权的统治对中华民族多元一体格局形成的重要意义。The ancient Chinese music household system(yueji zhidu)was nurtured in the soil of the Central Plains’traditional ritual and musical civilization and emerged through the interactions,exchanges,and integration of institutional cultures among various ethnic groups in China.The identity and characteristics of early court entertainers(changyou)served as the historical roots of this system.Since the pre-Qin period,the changyou group,which served the court’s ritual and musical systems,became the precursor to music households(yuehu).Their low social status,unique household registration,and hereditary profession were key features of the later music household system.The frequent ethnic interactions during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties period provided the social conditions for the system’s emergence.During this time,large-scale conflicts,migrations,and integration among ethnic groups led to the establishment of the mixed household(zayinghu)system.Court entertainers and musicians,caught in the turmoil of ethnic conflicts and migrations,were absorbed into mixed households,becoming the earliest music households.Additionally,wars between ethnic regimes brought a large number of captives(driven and plundered populations),while social conflicts produced relatives of criminals,both of which continuously supplied mixed households,including music households.The institutionalization of the“Sinicization”reforms during the Northern Wei Dynasty laid the legal foundation for the formalization of the music household system.The system’s enduring characteristics—hereditary profession,endogamous marriage,and restricted access to official positions—were shaped during the Northern Wei’s reconstruction of the aristocratic system and the hierarchy of social statuses.This process marked the institutionalization and codification of the Northern Wei regime’s“Sinicization”reforms.Examining the origins of the ancient Chinese music household system from the perspective of the history of interactions,exchanges,and

关 键 词：倡优 乐户 乐籍制度 “三交”史 北魏孝文帝改革 

分 类 号：K825.8[历史地理—历史学] J607[艺术—音乐]