Comparative Review of Drugs Used in Diabetes Mellitus—New and Old  

作　　者：Furqan Ul Haq Abuzar Siraj Muhammad Atif Ameer Tanveer Hamid Mansoor Rahman Salman Khan Saad Khan Sarwat Masud Furqan Ul Haq;Abuzar Siraj;Muhammad Atif Ameer;Tanveer Hamid;Mansoor Rahman;Salman Khan;Saad Khan;Sarwat Masud(Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan;Shaukat Khannum Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Peshawar, Pakistan;Medical Research Centre, University of Nebraska, Nebraska, USA;Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals, Swat, Pakistan;Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan;Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan;Agha Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan)

机构地区：[1]Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan [2]Shaukat Khannum Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Peshawar, Pakistan [3]Medical Research Centre, University of Nebraska, Nebraska, USA [4]Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals, Swat, Pakistan [5]Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan [6]Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan [7]Agha Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

出　　处：《Journal of Diabetes Mellitus》2021年第4期115-131,共17页糖尿病（英文）

摘　　要：<strong>Background:</strong> Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronically elevated glucose level in the blood either due to insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both. In addition, it may occur due to defective metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There are 3 main types of DM: Type 2 DM is more prevalent in adults and is typically due to relative insulin deficiency, deficiency of insulin in children leads to DM type 1;and lastly, gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy resulting from an imbalance of placental hormones. <strong>Introduction:</strong> Insulin, Biguanides and Sulfonylureas are some of the drug classes used to treat DM. However, their use is complicated by numerous side effects, such as;hypoglycemia & weight gain from insulin and sulfonylureas;lactic acidosis, vitamin B12 deficiency and gastrointestinal upset with metformin. Route of administration and cost are also important factors to consider when prescribing. It is for this reason the quest for newer, safer and easier to administer drugs is ongoing. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Used all the articles available on anti Diabetic drugs on web especially in British Medical Journal, Elsevier, Pubmed, Google scholar and Wikipedia etc. Got a final review article to compare the older and newer anti Diabetic drugs. <strong>Results and Conclusion:</strong> Insulin is good for controlling acute hyperglycemic states in DM but it causes acute hypoglycemia and lipodystrophy. Metformin is good hypoglycemic and easily available but causes hypoglycemia, metallic taste, Lactic acidosis and B12 deficiency. Sulfonylureas are good hypoglycemic but causes severe hypoglycemia acutely and weight gain so contraindicated for obese or hypertensive patients. While newer antidiabetics such as GLP 1 agonists increases insulin secretions has very low risk of hypoglycemia, causes weight loss as compared to insulin and decreases risk of cardiovascular side effects but still can’t be used in renally impaired patients, causes pancreatitis and can not b<strong>Background:</strong> Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronically elevated glucose level in the blood either due to insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both. In addition, it may occur due to defective metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There are 3 main types of DM: Type 2 DM is more prevalent in adults and is typically due to relative insulin deficiency, deficiency of insulin in children leads to DM type 1;and lastly, gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy resulting from an imbalance of placental hormones. <strong>Introduction:</strong> Insulin, Biguanides and Sulfonylureas are some of the drug classes used to treat DM. However, their use is complicated by numerous side effects, such as;hypoglycemia & weight gain from insulin and sulfonylureas;lactic acidosis, vitamin B12 deficiency and gastrointestinal upset with metformin. Route of administration and cost are also important factors to consider when prescribing. It is for this reason the quest for newer, safer and easier to administer drugs is ongoing. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Used all the articles available on anti Diabetic drugs on web especially in British Medical Journal, Elsevier, Pubmed, Google scholar and Wikipedia etc. Got a final review article to compare the older and newer anti Diabetic drugs. <strong>Results and Conclusion:</strong> Insulin is good for controlling acute hyperglycemic states in DM but it causes acute hypoglycemia and lipodystrophy. Metformin is good hypoglycemic and easily available but causes hypoglycemia, metallic taste, Lactic acidosis and B12 deficiency. Sulfonylureas are good hypoglycemic but causes severe hypoglycemia acutely and weight gain so contraindicated for obese or hypertensive patients. While newer antidiabetics such as GLP 1 agonists increases insulin secretions has very low risk of hypoglycemia, causes weight loss as compared to insulin and decreases risk of cardiovascular side effects but still can’t be used in renally impaired patients, causes pancreatitis and can not b

关 键 词：Anti-Diabetic Drugs METFORMIN SITAGLIPTIN Canagliflozin EXENATIDE PIOGLITAZONE Insulin Use and Its Efficacy GLIPIZIDE 

分 类 号：R97[医药卫生—药品]