supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. HG3102);National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81100899)
The inhibitory co-receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1, encoded by pdcdl) and its two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 comprise an important immune inhibitory signaling pathway for defense against microbes and for self-toleranc...