Studies have shown that autoimmunity causes pathogenesis of more than 100 diseases. Among these diseases, approximately 1-2% of the world’s population has rheumatoid arthritis disease, which is a chronic disease that...
Prosthetic valve obstruction(PVO) is a rare but feared complication of mechanical valve replacement. Diagno-stic evaluation should focus on differentiating prosthetic valve thrombosis(PVT) from pannus formation,as the...
Pannus formation is a rare complication and occurs almost exclusively in mechanical prosthetic valves.It consists of fibrous tissue that covers the surface of the prosthesis either concentrically or eccentrically,resu...