论朱熹对科举态度的三次转变及其改革主张  

Zhu Xi's Changing Attitude to and Reform Proposals on Imperial Civil Examination

作　　者：张全明[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《国际社会科学杂志（中文版）》2011年第4期79-86,10,共9页International Social Science Journal（Chinese Edition）

摘　　要：明清时期,由于朱熹的《四书章句集注》一书被官方定为科举考试的必读书目与标准答案,因此,朱熹在当时科举中的地位不断被神化,以致近百年来,人们形成一种传统的观念模式:似乎朱熹是热衷于科举的罪魁祸首,他的《四书章句集注》是束缚人们思想解放的紧箍咒。事实上,朱熹一生中对科举制的态度经历了三个不同阶段的转变:一是启蒙求学阶段,以最初从众的参与心理逐渐转变为一种矛盾的怀疑态度;二是自书院讲学开始,由对科举的不满逐渐发展到对其进行不断地批评甚至抨击;三是在其晚年的思想成熟时期,在认真批判科举制弊端的基础上有针对性地提出了改革科举的主张。至于朱熹离世百余年后他的《四书章句集注》在明清时期科举制度中的消极影响,既是他生前不曾预料到的,也是与他后来倡导改革科举制的主张相违背的。Zhu Xi's Texts and Annotations of the Four Books(Sishu Zhangju Jizhu) was officially stipulated as required reading and model answer for imperial civil examination in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.As a result,he was highly idolized at that time.The past 100 plus years have seen the rise of a popular idea that Zhu Xi should be responsible for the prevailing of imperial examination since his work has held back the liberation of thoughts.In fact,Zhu's attitudes towards imperial examination experienced three phases.The first is the enlightenment phase,in which he first accepted and participated in the examination and then became skeptical of it.The second phase began from his academy lecturing where his dissatisfaction of imperial examination developed into continuous and increasingly harsh criticism.The third phase was his late years enjoying intellectual sophistication,when he put forward well-targeted proposals for reforming the imperial examination.Therefore,the negative influence of Texts and Annotations of the Four Books in the imperial examination system during Ming and Qing Dynasties 100 plus years after Zhu's death was neither expected nor conformed to Zhu's reform proposals.

关 键 词：朱熹思想 科举考试 改革主张 《四书章句集注》 态度 知识分子群体 儒家经典 标准答案 

分 类 号：B244.7[哲学宗教—中国哲学]