宾祭之礼与赋体文本的构建及演变  

The Ritual of Entertaining the Gods at Sacrifices and the Composition and Evolution of Fu-style Texts

作　　者：蒋晓光[1] 许结[2] 

机构地区：[1]华侨大学文学院,讲师泉州362021 [2]南京大学文学院,教授南京210093

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2014年第5期163-183,207-208,共21页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"中国辞赋理论通史"(09BZW073)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：赋体的形成有着悠久的历史,其中内含的"瞍赋"、"六义之赋"及"体物之赋",源头在宗庙献赋,尤其是作为一代文学之胜的汉大赋,其文本构建及演变均与宗庙中的宾祭之礼有着紧密的关联。首先,宗庙献物及辞不仅是赋体立名的因缘,而且使这一文体始终具有"宗庙性"与"礼仪性"的特征。其二,在宗庙贡献中宾祭执礼的告庙"先君"制度和辞令之用,影响着赋体以逞辞为主要特征的结构机制。其三,宾祭礼中的备物享神方式,以"物"为中心、以"德"为旨归,其物、辞、义三端,影响了赋体托物、陈辞、兼义的修辞方法。其四,宾祭礼的媚神观德,是赋体"欲讽反劝"的宗教根源。西汉赋表现出的因"省祸福"以"训戒"、"改作",东汉赋表现出的因"观威仪"以"昭德"、"宣威",为赋体文本讽劝传统中的两种最重要的书写模式。The development of fu-style poetry has a long history,including'furecited bythe blind,''fuas one of six poetic techniques'and'fudescribing objects'.It originates in the odes presented on the occasion of sacrifices at the ancestral temple.The composition and evolution of the long fu of the Han Dynasty,the literary glory of its age,were closely related to the ritual of entertaining the gods as guests when offering sacrifices in the ancestral temple.Firstly,the offering of objects and elegiac address at the ancestral temple were not only the source of the name fu,but endowed this style with its lasting association with the ancestral temple and with ritual and propriety;secondly,the system of reporting to departed sovereigns in this ritual and the rhetorical language used there affected the structural mechanism whereby the main feature of the fustyle was rhetorical;thirdly,this ritual revolved around'the sacrificial object'and had'virtue'as its main purpose,and the triad of'the sacrificial object,''rhetorical language'and'meaning'influenced the rhetorical methods of the fu style,namely expressing emotions by means of the description of objects,directly stating what was meant,and conveying meanings between lines;and fourthly,the praise to the gods and the observance of virtue in the ritual were the religious source of the'more persuasion than satire'in the fustyle.The admonition and reformation derived from'reflecting on misfortune and fortune'displayed in the Western Han fuand the'display of virtue'and the'show of might'deriving from the'observation of might and ritual'(观威仪)displayed in Eastern Han fu were the two most important forms in the tradition of satire and persuasion in fu-style texts.

关 键 词：宾祭礼 赋体 体物 逞辞 观德 

分 类 号：I207.22[文学—中国文学]