《不让一个孩子掉队法案》对美国科学教育的双重影响--基于教育政策工具理论的视角  

No Child Left Behind Act Had a Double Impact on the Science Education in the United States:From the Perspective of Educational Policy Instruments

作　　者：王文礼[1] Wang Wenli(College of Education,University of Jinggangshan,Jian343009,China)

机构地区：[1]井冈山大学教育学院,江西吉安343009

出　　处：《教育科学》2018年第4期73-81,共9页Education Science

基　　金：全国教育科学“十三五”规划2017年度教育部重点课题“通往卓越化的历程:1980-2010年美国科学教育的发展与变革”(项目编号:DOA170288)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《不让一个孩子掉队法案》通过制定高标准和设定可衡量的目标支持基于标准的教育改革,旨在改善学生在基础教育阶段各科目的学习成绩。但是该法案在之后的实施阶段,并没有达到预期目标,而是对美国科学教育的发展产生了双重影响。正面影响包括促进了美国中小学生的阅读和数学成绩的提高。负面影响主要有:导致科学教育在美国学校中未受到足够的重视,未能有效促进教师的职业发展,美国中小学生的科学成绩依然糟糕。但是从总体上来说,《不让一个孩子掉队法案》对美国科学教育的负面影响大于正面影响,直接导致该法案在2015年被《每个学生都成功法案》所取代。《不让一个孩子掉队法案》对中国教育的启示为:要系统性运用教育政策工具,避免顾此失彼;强制性工具应减少一些,适当增加激励性工具和能力建设工具使用的频率;系统性改变工具应谨慎使用。No Child Left Behind Act supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in various subjects in K-12education stage.In practice the act turned out to exert dual impact on the science ed- ucation in the United States.On one hand,it helps to improve reading skills and mathematics problem solving skills among primary and secondary school students.On the other hand,science education failed to draw deserved attention in American schools,which resulted in ineffective practice in the promotion of the professional development of teachers and poor scientific performance of American primary and secondary school students.Since the act has more negative impact on U.S.science education than positive,it was replaced by the Every Student Succeeds Act in2015.One of the lessons learned from the No Child Left Behind Act is that we must systematically use educational policy instruments to avoid taking one into consideration to the neglect of the other;the mandates instrument should be reduced,and the frequency of use of inducements instrument and capacity-building instrument should increase appropriately.Systematic change instrument should be used as appropriate.

关 键 词：《不让一个孩子掉队法案》 美国 科学教育 教育政策工具 

分 类 号：G53[文化科学—教育学]