初中生认知能力对学业成就的影响  

The Mechanism between Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement among Junior High Students

作　　者：徐芬[1,3] 李春花[2,3] 无 

机构地区：[1]浙江理工大学心理学系,杭州310018 [2]北京市第十二中学,北京100071 [3]认知神经科学与学习国家重点实验室,北京师范大学,北京100875 [4]中国儿童青少年心理发育调查项目组

出　　处：《心理科学》2015年第1期11-18,共8页Journal of Psychological Science

摘　　要：本研究使用"中国儿童青少年心理发育特征调查"项目所编制的测验工具,对9所初级中学7、8年级共4843名学生进行了认知能力、语文与数学学业成就测试。研究结果表明,选择性注意、短时记忆、空间能力和推理能力都是语文和数学成就的显著预测变量,但不同能力对不同学科的作用大小及作用机制存在差异。对于语文成就来说,四种能力的作用由大到小依次为推理能力、短时记忆、空间能力和选择性注意;对于数学成就来说,则依次为推理能力、空间能力、短时记忆和选择性注意。而且,各种能力对数学成就的影响都大于对语文成就的影响。此外,在不同能力对语文和数学成就的影响机制上,虽然基础认知能力都通过高级认知能力对学业成就产生影响:选择性注意对学业成就的影响是完全通过短时记忆和空间能力进而通过推理能力间接发生的,短时记忆对学业成就的影响主要是通过空间能力和推理能力间接发生的,空间能力对学业成就的影响是完全通过推理能力间接发生的,推理能力直接对学业成就产生影响,但这种机制在不同学科间也有差异。Using a database that included a total of 4843 students who came from nine junior schools and was developed by a nation-wide project in China - National Children＇s Study of China, we examined the relationship between the students＇ cognitive abilities and their academic achievement. The results showed that： firstly, when we individually examined the impact of specific cognitive abilities on academic achievement, selective attention, short-term memory, spatial ability and reasoning ability were all significant predictors of Chinese and mathematic achievement. In terms of the relative contribution of different cognitive abilities to academic achievement, reasoning ability was the biggest predictor while selective attention was the smallest one both in Chinese and in mathematics. The relative contribution to mathematics of spatial ability was larger than short-term memory but reversed in Chinese. Moreover, the influence of specific cognitive ability was larger on mathematics than on Chinese. Secondly, there were similarities as well as differences in the mechanism of specific cognitive abilities influencing Chinese and mathematics. Specifically, similarities were that basic cognitive abilities affected academic achievement through high-level abilities： the effect of selective attention on academic achievement was entirely mediated by short-term memory and spatial ability that indirectly impacted via reasoning ability; the effect of short-term memory on academic achievement was mediated by visual spatial ability and reasoning ability; the effect of visual spatial ability on academic achievement was fully mediated by reasoning, while the latter one had an direct effect on academic achievement. However, there were also differences in different disciplines： while short-term memory had both direct and indirect influence on Chinese, short-term memory had only indirect influences on mathematics.

关 键 词：认知能力 学业成就 选择性注意 短时记忆 空间能力 推理能力 初中生 

分 类 号：B842.1[哲学宗教—基础心理学]