蒙台梭利与卢梭的消极教育观比较  

A Comparison between the Views of Montessori and Rousseau on Negative Education

作　　者：田景正[1] 刘洁 TIAN Jingzheng;LIU Jie(School of Education Science,Hunan Normal University,Changsha,Hu’nan,China,410000)

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学教育科学学院,湖南长沙410000

出　　处：《教育文化论坛》2020年第3期12-18,共7页Tribune of Education Culture

摘　　要：消极教育一经法国启蒙思想家卢梭提出,给思想界带来了巨大的震撼,也为西方科学教育学的发展带来了全新的思路。蒙台梭利与卢梭消极教育思想的共同特征是推崇内发论,强调生命的自由生长,要求教育按照自然法则和儿童心理特征进行,强调儿童体验式学习,并认为早期儿童重要的是感觉教育。同时,两位教育家关于消极教育实施观点则不尽一致:在教育环境方面,卢梭强调消极教育的环境是自然环境,蒙台梭利主张要为儿童创设有准备的环境;在学习内容和形式上,卢梭消极教育的内容是自然学习,蒙台梭利认为儿童可以进行文化学习,但要采取"工作"方式进行;关于消极教育中教师角色方面,卢梭认为教师应是儿童自然成长的导师,蒙台梭利认为教师要承担好观察者的角色。卢梭和蒙台梭利的消极教育理论对于科学认识儿童、守护童心,推进科学教育学的进一步发展,实施科学的教育工作,特别是科学实施早期教育有着重要的意义。Negative education, once brought forward by French enlightenment thinker Rousseau, had brought a great shock to the ideological circle, as well as new ideas to the advancement of western scientific pedagogy. The common features of both Montessori’s and Rousseau’s negative educational thoughts are to promote the interior theory which emphasizes the free growth of life, requiring education to be conducted in accordance with the laws of nature and children’s psychological characteristics, and emphasizes children’s experiential form of learning, and believing that sensorial education is important for early childhood education. At the same time, the views of two educators on the implementation of negative education are not identical. In terms of educational environment, Rousseau emphasized that the environment of negative education is the natural environment while Montessori advocated creating a prepared environment for children. In terms of learning content and form, Rousseau’s negative education is natural learning, while Montessori held that children could learn from culture, but they must adopt a "working"approach. Regarding the role of teachers in negative education, Rousseau believed that teachers should be tutors for children’s natural growth, while Montessori believed that teachers should take the role of observers. Rousseau’s and Montessori’s negative education theories are of great significance to scientifically recognize children, protect childhood, promote the further development of scientific pedagogy, and implement scientific education, especially the early education in a scientific way.

关 键 词：蒙台梭利 卢梭 消极教育 自然教育 感觉教育 

分 类 号：G519[文化科学—教育学]