无用论抑或决定论——康德道德教育理论中的个人教育与社会启蒙教育  

The Theory of Uselessness or Determinism?——Kant’s Moral Education Theory for Individual Education and Social Enlightenment

作　　者：袁辉[1] Yuan Hui(Institute of Philosophy,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430000)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学哲学学院,武汉430000

出　　处：《教育研究》2020年第9期45-55,共11页Educational Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金2019年度后期资助项目“实践哲学视域下康德道德教育思想研究”(项目编号:19FZXB042)的研究成果。

摘　　要：康德的教育理论秉承了启蒙时代以全面发展人的自由禀赋为核心的理念,在道德教育上引发了无用论和决定论的两难,进而在道德哲学上导致了自由意志论和决定论的对立。将视野从康德的《论教育学》扩展到他的其他著作,可以发现这个对立并不存在。道德教育是培养品格必要但非充足条件,自由禀赋的培养以伴随着人一生的个人教育为前提,但个人具有接受教育的自由能动性,并通过社会启蒙反作用于教育改革。透过梳理康德的教育思想,可以得到一个以个人教育和社会启蒙教育为内容并包括诸多方法的教育理论体系。就教育理论本身而言,教育必须以道德价值为指向;就被教育者而言,道德教育必须强调人的主观能动性;就个人教育而言,道德教育必须是一个伴随人一生的连续的过程;就道德教育的社会互动性而言,教育不应限于个人教育,而应该通过社会启蒙辩证地推动社会和历史的进步。Kant’s educational theory,which inherited the idea of focusing on the full development of human freedom in the Age of Enlightenment,resulted in uselessness and determinism in moral education,thus causing the opposition between the liberty of will and necessity. However,according to his "On Pedagogy" and his other works,the opposition does not exist. Moral education is a necessary but insufficient condition for the cultivation of human character;to fulfill freedom,an individual needs to receive education in all his life,but he can be educated due to innate spontaneity,and can in turn influence educational reforms through social enlightenment. A review of Kant’s educational thoughts helps us acquire a system of educational theories,which includes individual education and social enlightenment,along with corresponding methods. Based on these educational theories,education should focus on the value of morals;in terms of those who receive education,moral education must highlight their subjective initiatives;as for an individual’s education,moral education must follow an individual in all his life;and according to the social interactivity of moral education,instead of being merely limited to an individual’s education,education is supposed to dialectically advance social and historical progress through social enlightenment.

关 键 词：康德 道德教育 品格培养 个人教育 社会启蒙 

分 类 号：G41[文化科学—教育学]