博雅与专业的妥协:19世纪牛津大学历史学科的建立  

A Compromise of Liberal Education and Specialisation:The Construction of the Historical Discipline in University of Oxford

作　　者：陈磊 Chen Lei

机构地区：[1]华侨大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2021年第4期19-36,160,161,共20页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“牛津大学历史学科形成研究(1850—1939)”(批准文号:19CSS013)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：牛津大学与英国的教会—国家建制紧密相连,其博雅教育体系长期以培养教俗精英为旨归。在19世纪英国社会、政治和宗教变动的多重冲击下,该体系出现危机,引发了各方论争。为此,牛津大学实施了将现代历史等新兴科目引入课程体系等改革措施,对博雅教育的内容和载体进行扩容,以适应学生群体需求的变化。这为历史学科的创设开拓了制度空间。基于此,牛津史学教授结合本土经验和德国史学方法,初步构建了现代史学的理论体系和研究框架,帮助英国史学跻身欧洲史学之林;同时,学院的史学导师成立联合会,搭建了兼具博雅与专业教育功能的教学与考试体制。这两种教育理念与势力相互竞争、交锋与渗透,最终推动建立牛津历史学科,并锻造了大批国家精英和学术领袖。牛津历史学科的创建模式不仅深刻影响英国史学发展的脉络和风格,也参与塑造了英国的政治文化和民族特性。University of Oxford is connected closely with the Church of England and the state establishment,which is the reason why its liberal education system has long been aimed at cultivating the religious and secular elites.With the impact of social,political and religious changes in England in the 19th century,the system was beset with crisis which sparked debates.Therefore,University of Oxford implemented a series of reforms,including the introduction of modern history and other newly-emerging subjects into the curriculum system,and the expansion of contents and carriers of liberal education for meeting the changing needs of the students.This opened up the institutional space for the creation of the historical discipline.Accordingly,professors of the Oxford history combined native experience and the German historical methods,preliminarily constructing the theoretical system and research framework of the modern historical writing,and helping the British historical studies catch up with the European historical trends.In the meantime,the college tutors established an association and set up teaching and examination system with the functions of liberal and professional education.These two educational forces competed and penetrated each other,which promoted the establishment of the Oxford historical discipline and forged a large number of national elites and academic leaders.The founding model of the Oxford historical discipline not only profoundly influenced the vein and style of the development of the British historical studies,but also contributed to shaping the English political culture and national characteristics.

关 键 词：英国高等教育 牛津大学 博雅教育 英国史学 历史学科 

分 类 号：G642.3[文化科学—高等教育学] K0-4[文化科学—教育学]