论宋明理学形而上学的解构  

On the Deconstruction of Metaphysics in Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism

作　　者：邓晓芒[1] Deng Xiaomang(School of Philosophy,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学哲学学院,武汉430074

出　　处：《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2024年第3期1-13,共13页Fudan Journal(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：二程和朱熹的理学作为儒、道、释三教合流的产物,是中国最后一个道德形而上学,但从它开始建立起就遭到了逐步解构的命运。先是在鹅湖之会上朱熹被陆九渊兄弟质疑,后来在王阳明那里又遭到彻底的颠覆,整个理学都被心学所取代。之所以如此,乃因理学家从道家哲学中吸收的“模型论”虽然以自然天道的象征为儒家心性论提供了“道问学”的理论根据,但毕竟与孔孟道统的“尊德性”之“诚”有分离倾向,以致抵挡不了儒家原教旨主义的凌厉攻势而败下阵来。到了明清之际的王夫之,更是通过反思整个宋明理学的得失而取消了天理人欲的分离及形而上之道和形而下之器的界限,最终在颜元和戴震的“实学”中成为经世济用的治国方略,下降为庄子所瞧不起的“末学”或“俗学”,彻底失去了建构形而上学体系的兴趣。The Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Hao,Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi,as a product of the merger of Confucianism,Taoism,and Buddhism,was the last metaphysics of morality in ancient China.It suffered the fate of gradual deconstruction from its inception.First,Zhu Xi was questioned by Lu Jiuyuan brothers at the Goose Lake meeting,and then he was completely subverted by Wang Yangming to the extent that the whole rationalistic Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi was replaced by the idealistic Neo-Confucianism(namely,the school of universal mind).The reason for this is that,although the"typology"absorbed from the Taoist philosophy by the rationalists provided a theoretical basis for Confucianist theory of mind and nature,it still had a tendency to be separated from the"sincerity"principle of the doctrine of"respect for virtue"(one of the main theories for traditional Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius).The tendency is so powerful that it could not resist the overpowering attack of Confucian fundamentalism and lost the battle for dominance.During the time of transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties,Wang Fuzhi,by reflecting on the gains and losses of the entire Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism philosophies,abolished the separation of"Li"(heavenly principle)and"Yu"(human desires),as well as the boundaries between"Dao"(the metaphysical)and"Qi"(the physical).The construction of metaphysical system in Neo-Confucianism eventually became the strategy for governance of the world in Yan Yuan and Dai Zhen's"Doctrine of Practice"(practical Confucianism).So to speak,it declined to be a"vulgar doctrine"that Zhuang Zi looked down upon,and lost interest in constructing a metaphysical system thoroughly.

关 键 词：形而上学 理学 心学 模型论 道器合一 实学 

分 类 号：B244[哲学宗教—中国哲学]