俄罗斯科学及课程与教材特点研究  

A Study on the Characteristics of Science Curricula and Textbooks in Russia

作　　者：王宁[1] 郭习佩 李雪[1] 胡卫平[1] WANG Ning;GUO Xipei;LI Xue;HU Weiping(MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an 710062)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学现代教学技术教育部重点实验室,西安710062

出　　处：《基础教育参考》2025年第3期53-66,共14页Basic Education Review

基　　金：教育部教育管理信息中心2023年度国外教育研究委托课题“科学教育国际比较研究及其数据库建设”(编号:MOE-CIEM-20230011)。

摘　　要：科学教育是培养科技创新人才和提升国民科学素养的重要途径。作为曾经的“科技大国”,俄罗斯在科学教育方面具有相对成熟的体系和丰富经验来提高青少年科技创新的兴趣和积极性。在科学课程标准方面,小学强调爱国教育、课程内容生活化与能力培养、以及实践与生态教育的结合,初中强调满足不同层次学生需求、重视职业兴趣培养及突出本土地理与人文气息,高中体现跨学科和综合性特点并关注学生个体差异和兴趣需求;在教材编写方面,小学教材呈现出本土性、文化渗透性、直观性等特征,初中教材具有逻辑性、螺旋性、超前性等特点。以此作为参考,我国未来可以推动专业侧重型中学的发展,并优化科学课程与教材体系。Science education is a crucial pathway for cultivating talents in scientific and technological innovation and enhancing the scientific literacy of the general populace.As a former"great technological power,"?Russia possesses a relatively mature system and extensive experience in science education that serve to heighten the interest and enthusiasm of adolescents in scientific and technological innovation.In terms of science curriculum standards,primary schools emphasize patriotic education,the integration of daily life content and capacity-building with curriculum,as well as the combination of practical and ecological education.Middle schools focus on catering to the needs of students at different levels,emphasizing the cultivation of vocational interests,and highlighting local geography and cultural nuances.High schools exhibit interdisciplinary and comprehensive characteristics while paying attention to individual differences and interest needs among students.In terms of textbook compilation,primary school textbooks exhibit characteristics such as locality,cultural infiltration,and intuitiveness,while middle school textbooks feature logic,spiral progression,and advanced content.Taking these as references,China can promote the development of specialized secondary schools in the future and optimize its science curriculum and textbook system.

关 键 词：俄罗斯 科学教育 制度保障 课程教材 科技创新人才 

分 类 号：G623.35[文化科学—教育学]