National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.42177133);Primary R&D Plan of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.BE2022830);Primary R&D Plan of Anhui Province (Grant No.2023t07020018).
Soil-bentonite(SB)backfills in vertical cutoff walls are used extensively to contain contaminated groundwater.Previous studies show that the hydraulic conductivity of backfill can exceed the typically recommended maxi...