Mechanisms of neuroplasticity and brain degeneration: strategies for protection during the aging process  

作　　者：Mariana Toricelli Arthur Antonio Ruiz Pereira Guilherme Souza Abrao Helena Nascimento Malerba Julia Maia Hudson Sousa Buck Tania Araujo Viel 

机构地区：[1]Department of Physiological Sciences,Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences,Sao Paulo,Brazil [2]Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging,School of Arts,Sciences and Humanities,Universidade de São Paulo,Sao Paulo,Brazil

出　　处：《Neural Regeneration Research》2021年第1期58-67,共10页中国神经再生研究（英文版）

基　　金：MT received studentship from Sao Paulo Research Foundation(2017/21655-6);HSB was a Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development researcher(425838/2016-1,307252/2017-5);This work was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil(CAPES)–Finance Code 001 and FAPESP(2016/07115-6).

摘　　要：Aging is a dynamic and progressive process that begins at conception and continues until death.This process leads to a decrease in homeostasis and morphological,biochemical and psychological changes,increasing the individual’s vulnerability to various diseases.The growth in the number of aging populations has increased the prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases,impairment of the central nervous system and dementias,such as Alzheimer’s disease,whose main risk factor is age,leading to an increase of the number of individuals who need daily support for life activities.Some theories about aging suggest it is caused by an increase of cellular senescence and reactive oxygen species,which leads to inflammation,oxidation,cell membrane damage and consequently neuronal death.Also,mitochondrial mutations,which are generated throughout the aging process,can lead to changes in energy production,deficiencies in electron transport and apoptosis induction that can result in decreased function.Additionally,increasing cellular senescence and the release of proinflammatory cytokines can cause irreversible damage to neuronal cells.Recent reports point to the importance of changing lifestyle by increasing physical exercise,improving nutrition and environmental enrichment to activate neuroprotective defense mechanisms.Therefore,this review aims to address the latest information about the different mechanisms related to neuroplasticity and neuronal death and to provide strategies that can improve neuroprotection and decrease the neurodegeneration caused by aging and environmental stressors.

关 键 词：cell senescence cell signaling CHOLINERGIC enriched environment long-term potentiation NEURODEGENERATION NEUROGENESIS neuroinflammatory neuronal death NEUROPROTECTION neurotophin 

分 类 号：R741[医药卫生—神经病学与精神病学]