supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB0300101);the Youth Foundation of National University of Defense Technology,China(No.ZK2023-11);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12102467)。
In computational fluid dynamics(CFD),mesh-smoothing methods are widely used to refine the mesh quality for achieving high-precision numerical simulations.Specifically,optimization-based smoothing is used for high-qual...