supported in part by the Department of OB/GYN research funds(University of Louisville,Louisville,KY,USA);Jilin Province Health Technology Capability Enhancement funds(No.2022JC055).
Testicular descent occurs in two consecutive stages:the transabdominal stage and the inguinoscrotal stage.Androgens play a crucial role in the second stage by influencing the development of the gubernaculum,a structur...