BACKGROUND Biliary dilation is frequently related to obstruction;however,non-obstructive factors such as age and previous cholecystectomy have also been reported.In the past two decades there has been a dramatic incre...
Introduction: Tramadol* is a synthetic opioid agonist used as an analgesic. Despite its minor potential of addiction, it created recently a lot of concern. Its misuse may be motivated by a need to control the pain or ...
The United States (U.S.) is facing a national opioid epidemic, and medical systems are in need of non- pharmacologic strategies that can be employed to decrease the public's opioid dependence. Acupuncture has emerg...
A G6P2032 female, prior cesarean x3 with history of opioid addiction maintained on buprenorphine presented for scheduled repeat cesarean section. Pre-operatively, her maintenance dose of medication was held secondary ...
AIM: To study the risks and benefits of intracerebroventricular(ICV) opiate pumps for the management of benign head and face pain.METHODS: SSix patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia and/or cluster headaches we...
Neuroadaptations of glutamatergic transmission in the limbic reward circuitry are linked to persistent drug addiction.Accumulating data have demonstrated roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors and groupⅠandⅡmetabot...
Background: Whilst several studies have demonstrated poor cardiovascular health in opiate dependence, its role as a cardiovascular risk factor has not been considered. Methods: Pulse wave analysis was undertaken by ra...
Background: Opiate abuse is a universal socio-medical problem and one of the most important risk factors for suicide, especially in accordance with other psychological disorders. This study designed to evaluate four i...
The spinal cord is a necessary pathway that transfers the body nociceptive inputs to the brain, and endo-genous opiate peptides (EOP) play an important role in pain modulation. Our previous work has proven that argini...